Fundoplication Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Guide. During fundoplication surgery, the upper curve of the stomach (the fundus) is wrapped around the esophagus and sewn into place so that the lower portion of the esophagus passes through a small tunnel of stomach muscle.

A ureteral stent is a thin, hollow tube that is placed in the ureter to help urine pass from the kidney into the bladder. Ureters are the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. You may have a small amount of blood in your urine for 1 to 3 days after the procedure.

Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Endovascular aneurysm repair (or endovascular aortic repair) (EVAR) is a type of endovascular surgery used to treat pathology of the aorta, most commonly an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).

Bone tumors develop when cells in the bone divide without control, forming a mass of tissue. Most bone tumors are benign, which means they are not cancer and cannot spread. However, they may still weaken bone and lead to fractures or cause other problems. Bone cancer destroys normal bone tissue and may spread to other parts of the body (called metastasis). Benign Bone Tumors Benign tumors are more common than malignant tumors of the bones. These are a few common types of benign bone tumors: Osteochondroma is the most common benign bone tumor. It is more common in people under age 20. Giant cell tumor is a benign tumor, typically affecting the leg (malignant types of this tumor are uncommon). Osteoid osteoma is a bone tumor, often occurring in long bones, that occurs commonly in the early 20s. Osteoblastoma is a single tumor that occurs in the spine and long bones, mostly in young adults. Enchondroma usually appears in bones of the hand and feet. It often has no symptoms. It is the most common type of hand tumor.

-Almost all the cases of occupational transmission of HIV have been due to transmission via exposure to blood and certain body fluids. The body fluids wherein standard precautions have been recommended include semen, vaginal secretions, and any other body fluid containing visible blood. Other standard precautions, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), also apply to cerebrospinal, peritoneal, pleural, pericardia!, synovial fluid, or any other tissue, even though the epidemiologic data regarding the risk of HIV transmission from these fluids is insufficient. Standard precautions do not apply to urine, sweat, tears, sputum, vomitus, and nasal secretions or feces, as long as there is no gross visible blood. The occupational transmission of HIV has never been documented from the above sources.

-Rectocele is a relatively common condition in older women and is characterized by the displacement of the rectum through posterior vaginal wall defect(s). The condition is typically caused by damage to the rectovaginal septum incurred during vaginal childbirth and is exacerbated by periodic increases in intraabdominal pressure (e.g., when laughing or coughing) and the effects of gravity. Women with symptomatic rectoceles who are poor surgical candidates may be treated with pessaries, which are structures designed to support the vaginal wall. Pessaries should only be used in conjunction with vaginal

Limbal dermoid is a congenital growth on the eye that forms from germline cells that get trapped in this region during embryogenesis. The dermoid often has tissue from multiple germ layers including hair and fat. Dermoids on the eye can cause astigmatism and be unsightly.

One of the criteria to determine brain death is the irreversible absence of cerebral and brainstem reflexes including pupillary, oculocephalic, oculovestibular (caloric), corneal, gag, sucking, swallowing, and extensor posturing. Some of the other criteria for determination of brain death include: 1. Absence of respiratory drive (apnea) off the ventilator for a duration that is sufficient to produce hypercarbic drive (usually 10 to 20 minutes to achieve pC02 of 50 to 60 mmHg) ( 2. Body temperature below 34 C (93.2 F) 3. EEG isoelectric for 30 minutes at maximal gain 4. Absence of cerebral circulation by Doppler or magnetic resonance angiography 5. At least 24 hours of observation in adults with anoxic-ischemic brain damage with a negative drug screen

Jaw surgery, also known as orthognathic (or-thog-NATH-ik) surgery, corrects irregularities of the jaw bones and realigns the jaws and teeth to improve the way they work. Making these corrections may also improve your facial appearance. Jaw surgery may be a corrective option if you have jaw problems that can't be resolved with orthodontics alone. In most cases, you also have braces on your teeth before surgery and during recovery after surgery until healing and alignment are complete. Your orthodontist can work with your oral and jaw and face (maxillofacial) surgeon to determine your treatment plan.

It may be reassuring to know spotting or bleeding after sex is common and can come from the vagina, cervix, or urinary tract. It occurs most commonly in women 20 to 40 years old. Cervical Cancer: A very rare cause of spotting. ... Vaginal Dryness: Often caused by inadequate foreplay or vaginal lubrication.

CTR is a surgery in which the narrowed part of the airway just below the voice box (larynx) is removed and the voice box and windpipe (trachea) are sewn back together. It is also used to treat other airway problems.

Epilepsy surgery is reserved for people whose seizures are not well controlled by seizure medicines. This situation is sometimes called being "medically refractory" or "drug resistant." In children, the definition of medically refractory is even more individualized to the specific child's situation. Surgery may be considered for some children after weeks to months of treatment with seizure medicines.

Dilation and curettage (D&C) is a procedure to remove tissue from inside your uterus. Doctors perform dilation and curettage to diagnose and treat certain uterine conditions — such as heavy bleeding — or to clear the uterine lining after a miscarriage or abortion. In a dilation and curettage — sometimes spelled "dilatation" and curettage — your doctor uses small instruments or a medication to open (dilate) your cervix — the lower, narrow part of your uterus. Your doctor then uses a surgical instrument called a curette to remove uterine tissue. Curettes used in a D&C can be sharp or use suction

What happens to our bodies after we die?

Sickle cell anemia (sickle cell disease) is a disorder of the blood caused by an inherited abnormal hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells). The abnormal hemoglobin causes distorted (sickled) red blood cells.

Biliary atresia is a rare disease of the liver and bile ducts that occurs in infants. Symptoms of the disease appear or develop about two to eight weeks after birth. Cells within the liver produce liquid called bile. Bile helps to digest fat.

This is a demonstration of the Kocher's method of relocating a dislocated shoulder

Dermatomyositis (dur-muh-toe-my-uh-SY-tis) is an uncommon inflammatory disease marked by muscle weakness and a distinctive skin rash. Dermatomyositis affects adults and children alike. In adults, dermatomyositis usually occurs from the late 40s to early 60s. In children, the disease most often appears between 5 and 15 years of age. Dermatomyositis affects more females than males. There's no cure for dermatomyositis, but periods of remission — when symptoms improve spontaneously — may occur. Treatment can clear the skin rash and help you regain muscle strength and function. Symptoms ShareTweet June 17, 2014 References Products and Services Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter See also Dysphagia Electromyography Fatigue MRI Muscle pain Peptic ulcer Prednisone risks, benefits Show more Advertisement Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Advertising & Sponsorship PolicyOpportunitiesAd Choices Mayo Clinic Store Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic. NEW! – The Mayo Clinic Diet, Second Edition Treatment Strategies for Arthritis Mayo Clinic on Better Hearing and Balance Keeping your bones healthy and strong The Mayo Clinic Diet Online

A spermatocele (SPUR-muh-toe-seel) is an abnormal sac (cyst) that develops in the epididymis — the small, coiled tube located on the upper testicle that collects and transports sperm. Noncancerous and generally painless, a spermatocele usually is filled with milky or clear fluid that might contain sperm. The exact cause of spermatoceles is unknown but might be due to a blockage in one of the tubes that transports sperm. Spermatoceles, sometimes called spermatic cysts, are common. They typically don't reduce fertility or require treatment. If a spermatocele grows large enough to cause discomfort, your doctor might suggest surgery.

The epididymis is a long coiled tube that lies above and behind each testicle. The epididymis collects and transports sperm from the testis to the vas deferens (tubes that transport sperm to the urethra). An epididymal cyst is a cyst-like mass in the epididymis that contains clear fluid. Typically, epididymal cysts and spermatoceles do not cause symptoms. When discovered, the epididymal cyst is usually about the size of a pea and feels separate from the top of the testis. Spermatoceles typically arise from the head of the epididymis, and are felt on the top portion of the testicle. Epididymal cysts and spermatoceles are often incidental findings on testicular self-examination or routine physical examination. It is important that any mass noted in the scrotum be examined by a urologist in order to obtain an accurate diagnosis, especially a mass on the testicle itself. Our team in the Division of Urology will typically be able to confirm the diagnosis on physical exam. However, a scrotal ultrasound may also be used in order to rule out other conditions.