The knee joint is the largest joint in the body, consisting of 4 bones and an extensive network of ligaments and muscles. Injuries to the knee joint are amongst the most common in sporting activities and understanding the anatomy of the joint is fundamental in understanding any subsequent pathology.

Bimanual pelvic exam of a female, using two fingers inside the vagina and one hand on the outside of the abdomen

Dr. Ailawadi, M.D., the Chair of Cardiac Surgery at Michigan Medicine, specializes in minimally invasive valve surgery as well as complex cardiac operations. This video shows step by step footage of a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) in a complex patient. In this case, CABG was performed through a sternotomy (through the breast bone) using the internal thoracic artery and saphenous leg veins to bypass obstructed coronary arteries. In this video, Dr. Ailawadi will perform a triple vessel bypass (CABG) which has been shown to minimize the risk of future heart attack and help patients live longer in the setting of complex coronary artery disease.

To learn more about cardiac surgery at Michigan Medicine, visit: https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/cardiac-surgery

To learn more about Frankel Cardiovascular Center, visit: https://www.umcvc.org/

To watch the full playlist, visit: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLNxqP-XbH8B

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Watch that Female Body Medical Autopsy for Anatomy Class

A "Hallux Valgus" or "Hallux Abducto-Valgus" deformity, is commonly referred to as a "Bunion." This describes a pathological condition involving the position of the "hallux" in relation to the first metatarsal.

A bunion deformity can clinically present with a variety of characteristics. The foot itself may present with a wide splaying of the forefoot and a painful bump on the medial aspect of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint. In addition, the hallux may be abducted from the midline of the body, with a valgus rotation in the frontal plane.

A radiographic analysis of a bunion deformity in the Anterior/Posterior or Dorsal/Plantar view will reveal a variety of pathological components. Most notably so, is the exaggerated inter-metatarsal angle between the first and second metatarsal. This may be accompanied by a displacement of the first metatarsal from its position over the sesamoids, such that the metatarsal demonstrates a medial alignment away from the sesamoids which lie to the lateral side.

In some cases, the proximal articular set angle at the head of the first metatarsal may be off-set. This "PASA" is one of the factors which determines the position of the proximal phalanx on the metatarsal during movement as well as at rest.

Although conservative care may involve shoe modifications, padding, strapping, and custom orthosis; surgical reconstruction may be required to alleviate painful and immobilizing bunion conditions.

Soft tissue components of the bunion deformity are primarily addressed by means of a capsular modification, as well as a tenotomy of the adductor tendon at its insertion on the base of the proximal phalanx. The fibular sesamoid may be repositioned by a release of the surrounding ligaments.

Surgical management of the bone or osseous components of a bunion deformity will commonly include an osteotomy and correction to re-establish a more functional position of the first metatarsal within the forefoot. This capital fragment of bone is held in place with hardware fixation in order to secure a proper alignment during the healing phase, thus allowing the hallux to return to a more functionally useful position in the sagittal plane.

Experience with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in children has been limited due to multiple factors, including the relatively low incidence of diseases requiring ERCP in this age group, the impression that the procedure is technically difficult in children, and because the indications and safety of ERCP in children have not been well defined. As a result, patients are generally referred to a tertiary care facility or to adult endoscopists who perform a high volume of procedures.

A new video illustrating the horizontal breast exam technique whihc is performed by doctors for any breast masses or abnormalities.

Colorectal cancer (also known as colon cancer, rectal cancer or bowel cancer) is the development of cancer in the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. People with HNPCC tend to develop colon cancer before age 50. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). FAP is a rare disorder that causes you to develop thousands of polyps in the lining of your colon and rectum. People with untreated FAP have a greatly increased risk of developing colon cancer before age 40.

Watch that video of Human Body Autopsy for Poison

Are you worried about getting a sports hernia exam? In this video, we'll show you exactly what to expect when you get your hernia exam.

We'll take you through the various steps that are taken during the hernia exam, so you can have a more comfortable and informative experience. After watching this video, you'll have a better idea of what to expect and be prepared for your hernia exam!
#sportshernia #groinpain #california

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a genetic disorder that occurs primarily in males. It mainly affects the nervous system and the adrenal glands, which are small glands located on top of each kidney. In this disorder, the fatty covering (myelin) that insulates nerves in the brain and spinal cord is prone to deterioration (demyelination), which reduces the ability of the nerves to relay information to the brain. In addition, damage to the outer layer of the adrenal glands (adrenal cortex) causes a shortage of certain hormones (adrenocortical insufficiency). Adrenocortical insufficiency may cause weakness, weight loss, skin changes, vomiting, and coma.

Haemorrhoids is one of the most common problems seen in surgical OPD. Open haemorrhoidectomy has remained the gold standard for a long time with a high post-operative morbidity. The quest for a better understanding of the pathology of haemorrhoids resulted in the evolvement of stapler haemorrhoidopexy. Our aim is to study the efficacy of stapler haemorrhoidopexy with regards to role of immediate post-operative morbidity. A prospective study of 50 patients (n = 50) with the second- and third-degree symptomatic haemorrhoids was done. The mean age of the patients was 44.1 years. Fourteen patients had co-morbid conditions. The average duration of the operation was 29 min. Patients with the second-degree haemorrhoids had higher rate of complication. The complication rate was 32%. Three patients had urinary retention. Two patients had minor bleeding, and one patient experienced transient discharge. The mean analgesic requirement was 2.4 tramadol, 50 mg injections. Ten patients had significant post-operative pain. Average length of hospital stay was 2.7 days. There were no symptomatic recurrences till date.

protecting the body from damage caused by hyperglycemia cannot be overstated. In the United States, 57.9% of diabetic patients have one or more diabetes complications, and 14.3% have three or more.1 Strict glycemic control is the primary method of reducing the development and progression of microvascular complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Aggressive treatment of dyslipidemia and hypertension decreases macrovascular complications.2-4 Glycemic Control There are two primary techniques available for physicians to assess the quality of a patient’s glycemic control: self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and interval measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) eye surgery can correct or improve your sight by using a laser to change the shape of the cornea. Find out more here: https://www.bupa.co.uk/health-....information/eyes-sig and https://www.bupa.co.uk/health-....information/eyes-sig/laser-eye-surgery

The content is intended for general information only and does not replace the need for personal advice from a qualified health professional.

Johns Hopkins orthopaedic hip and knee surgeon, Savyasachi "Savya" Thakkar, explains who is a candidate for knee replacement surgery, and what to expect during and after surgery. To learn more about our hip and knee replacement division, visit https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/ortho #KneeReplacementSurgery #JohnsHopkins

Q&A's
0:15 What causes someone to need a knee replacement?
0:54 Describe the surgery.
1:36 What types of implants are used?
2:24 How is the recovery after surgery?
2:48 Describe the post-surgery physical therapy.
3:24 Do you perform revision surgery?

parotidectomy has always been considered to be a daunting aesthetic surgical exercise reuiring extreme care to safeguard the facial nerve. most surgeons master the skill with experience and effort and develop thier own tips and tricks for safe conduct of the procedure. details of the procedure along... with practical tips are illustrated in the video for the benefit of head neck surgeons

The pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the levator ani, the coccygeus, and associated connective tissue which span the area underneath the pelvis. The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular partition formed by the levatores ani and coccygei, with which may be included the parietal pelvic fascia on their upper and lower aspects. The pelvic floor separates the pelvic cavity above from the perineal region (including perineum) below.

The right and left levator ani lie almost horizontally in the floor of the pelvis, separated by a narrow gap that transmits the urethra, vagina, and anal canal. The levator ani is usually considered in three parts: pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus. The pubococcygeus, the main part of the levator, runs backward from the body of the pubis toward the coccyx and may be damaged during parturition. Some fibers are inserted into the prostate, urethra, and vagina. The right and left puborectalis unite behind the anorectal junction to form a muscular sling . Some regard them as a part of the sphincter ani externus. The iliococcygeus, the most posterior part of the levator ani, is often poorly developed.

The coccygeus, situated behind the levator ani and frequently tendinous as much as muscular, extends from the ischial spine to the lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx.

The pelvic cavity of the true pelvis has the pelvic floor as its inferior border (and the pelvic brim as its superior border.) The perineum has the pelvic floor as its superior border.

Some sources do not consider “pelvic floor” and “pelvic diaphragm” to be identical, with the “diaphragm” consisting of only the levator ani and coccygeus, while the “floor” also includes the perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch. However, other sources include the fascia as part of the diaphragm. In practice, the two terms are often used interchangeably.

Inferiorly, the pelvic floor extends into the anal triangle.

http://drraewynteirney.com.au/video/
http://drraewynteirney.com.au/....about-dr-raewyn-teir
Dr Raewyn Teirney - fertility specialist and Gynaecologist in Sydney shows a video recording of a laparoscopy for a woman with infertility and pelvic pain.

Watch that Baby Abortion Medical Procedure

Ovarian dermoid cyst and mature cystic ovarian teratoma are terms often used interchangeably to refer to the most common ovarian neoplasm. These slow-growing tumours contain elements from multiple germ cell layers and are best assessed with ultrasound.