How to approach histology for Human Anatomy students. Using a key will help get you through it! Add some penguin fairy dust will help too!

Please note: I mis-spoke and said "striated" instead of "stratified epithelium" a couple of times... apologies!

There are lots of histology keys out there, but the one I showed in the video is here: http://www.penguinprof.com/upl....oads/8/4/3/1/8431323

Want more?
Subscribe: http://www.youtube.com/user/ThePenguinProf
FB Page: https://www.facebook.com/ThePenguinProf
Twitter: https://twitter.com/penguinprof
Web: http://www.penguinprof.com/


---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Details:

Tissue in the human body:

Epithelial: Is made of cells arranged in a continuous sheet with one or more layers, has apical & basal surfaces.

A basement membrane is the attachment between the basal surface of the cell & the underlying connective tissue.

Two types of epithelial tissues: (1) Covering & lining epithelia and (2) Glandular Epithelium.

The number of cell layers & the shape of the cells in the top layer can classify epithelium.

Simple Epithelium - one cell layer
Stratified epithelium - two or more cell layers
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - When cells of an epithelial tissue are all anchored to the basement Membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface.
Glandular Epithelium -- (1) Endocrine: Release hormones directly into the blood stream and (2) Exocrine - Secrete into ducts.


Connective: contains many different cell types including: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and adipocytes. Connective Tissue Matrix is made of two materials: ground substance - proteins and polysaccharides, fiber -- reticular, collagen and elastic.

Classification of Connective Tissue:
Loose Connective - fibers & many cell types in gelatinous matrix, found in skin, & surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and organs.
Dense Connective - Bundles of parallel collagen fibers& fibroblasts, found in tendons& ligaments.
Cartilage - Cartilage is made of collagen & elastin fibers embedded in a matrix glycoprotein & cells called chondrocytes, which was found in small spaces.
Cartilage has three subtypes:
Hyaline cartilage -- Weakest, most abundant type, Found at end of long bones, & structures like the ear and nose,
Elastic cartilage- maintains shape, branching elastic fibers distinguish it from hyaline and
Fibrous Cartilage - Strongest type, has dense collagen & little matrix, found in pelvis, skull & vertebral discs.


Muscle: is divided into 3 categories, skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
Skeletal Muscle -- voluntary, striated, striations perpendicular to the muscle fibers and it is mainly found attached to bones.
Cardiac Muscle -- involuntary, striated, branched and has intercalated discs
Smooth Muscle -- involuntary, nonstriated, spindle shaped and is found in blood vessels & the GI tract.


Nervous: Consists of only two cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral nervous system (PNS):
Neurons - Cells that convert stimuli into electrical impulses to the brain, and Neuroglia -- supportive cells.
Neurons -- are made up of cell body, axon and dendrites. There are 3 types of neurons:
Motor Neuron -- carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands,
Interneuron - interpret input from sensory neurons and end responses to motor neurons
Sensory Neuron -- receive information from environment and transmit to CNS.
Neuroglia -- is made up of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia in the CNS, and schwann cells and satellite cells in the PNS.

In this compilation, Barnsley Hospital is facing a very busy day with a high number of patients being treated, the doctors and nurses face some of their toughest shifts when they treat critical patients and rare illnesses as well as making tough decisions.

⌚️Timecodes:
00:00 Season 2 Episode 1
08:56 Season 4 Episode 1
16:53 Season 3 Episode 10
30:36 Season 3 Episode 13
37:45 Season 2 Episode 9
46:51 Season 1 Episode 2
52:52 Season 1 Episode 3
58:02 Season 2 Episode 2
01:09:39 Season 2 Episode 11
01:18:37 Season 2 episode 12

🟦 Click Link below to subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCHPgATT2HtFrxmueq

About Casualty 24/7:
Casualty 24/7 shows how the doors of Barnsley A&E department are open every hour, of every day. They allow a peek inside their medical emergency teams, and how they deal with critical situations revolving around people's lives and illnesses. The team are close-knit and exchange typical Yorkshire humour to get them through their often long and tough days.

Watch our playlists:
🔵 Season 1 Full Episodes | Casualty 24/7:
https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLWrY8x74oDM

🔵 Season 2 Full Episodes | Casualty 24/7:
https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLWrY8x74oDM

🔵 Season 3 Full Episodes | Casualty 24/7:
https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLWrY8x74oDM

🔵 Season 4 Full Episodes | Casualty 24/7:
https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLWrY8x74oDM

🔵 Compilation Videos of Casualty 24/7:
https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLWrY8x74oDM

#SeriousIllness #Casualty247 #EmergencyServices #AandE #BHNFT #OurFutureSouthYorkshire

Myringotomy is the surgery to place tubes in the ear. This animated video reviews the anatomy of the ear and what happens after frequent infection. As well as treatment with tubes in the ear or myringotomy.

Types of breast cancer. The different types of breast cancer carry with them different prognosis and different treatment options

Thrombosis of the venous channels in the brain is an uncommon cause of cerebral infarction relative to arterial disease, but it is an important consideration because of its potential morbidity. (See Prognosis.) Knowledge of the anatomy of the venous system is essential in evaluating patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), since symptoms associated with the condition are related to the area of thrombosis. For example, cerebral infarction may occur with cortical vein or sagittal sinus thrombosis secondary to tissue congestion with obstruction. (See Presentation.) Lateral sinus thrombosis may be associated with headache and a pseudotumor cerebri–like picture. Extension into the jugular bulb may cause jugular foramen syndrome, while cranial nerve palsies may be seen in cavernous sinus thrombosis as a compressive phenomenon. Cerebral hemorrhage also may be a presenting feature in patients with venous sinus thrombosis. (See Presentation.) Imaging procedures have led to easier recognition of venous sinus thrombosis (see the images below), offering the opportunity for early therapeutic measures. (See Workup.) Left lateral sinus thrombosis demonstrated on magn Left lateral sinus thrombosis demonstrated on magnetic resonance venography (MRV). This 42-year-old woman presented with sudden onset of headache. Physical examination revealed no neurologic abnormalities. View Media Gallery Axial view of magnetic resonance (MR) venogram dem Axial view of magnetic resonance (MR) venogram demonstrating lack of flow in transverse sinus. View Media Gallery The following guidelines for CVT have been provided by the American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association [1] : In patients with suspected CVT, routine blood studies consisting of a complete blood count, chemistry panel, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time should be performed. Screening for potential prothrombotic conditions that may predispose a person to CVT (eg, use of contraceptives, underlying inflammatory disease, infectious process) is recommended in the initial clinical assessment. Testing for prothrombotic conditions (including protein C, protein S, or antithrombin deficiency), antiphospholipid syndrome, prothrombin G20210A mutation, and factor V Leiden can be beneficial for the management of patients with CVT. Testing for protein C, protein S, and antithrombin deficiency is generally indicated 2-4 weeks after completion of anticoagulation. There is a very limited value of testing in the acute setting or in patients taking warfarin. In patients with provoked CVT (associated with a transient risk factor), vitamin K antagonists may be continued for 3-6 months, with a target international normalized ratio of 2.0-3.0. In patients with unprovoked CVT, vitamin K antagonists may be continued for 6-12 months, with a target international normalized ratio of 2.0-3.0. For patients with recurrent CVT, venous thromboembolism (VTE) after CVT, or first CVT with severe thrombophilia (ie, homozygous prothrombin G20210A; homozygous factor V Leiden; deficiencies of protein C, protein S, or antithrombin; combined thrombophilia defects; or antiphospholipid syndrome), indefinite anticoagulation may be considered, with a target international normalized ratio of 2.0-3.0. For women with CVT during pregnancy, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in full anticoagulant doses should be continued throughout pregnancy, and LMWH or vitamin K antagonist with a target international normalized ratio of 2.0-3.0 should be continued for ≥6 weeks postpartum (for a total minimum duration of therapy of 6 months). It is reasonable to advise women with a history of CVT that future pregnancy is not contraindicated. Further investigations regarding the underlying cause and a formal consultation with a hematologist or maternal fetal medicine specialist are reasonable. It is reasonable to treat acute CVT during pregnancy with full-dose LMWH rather than unfractionated heparin. For women with a history of CVT, prophylaxis with LMWH during future pregnancies and the postpartum period is reasonable. Next: Etiology What to Read Next on Medscape Related Conditions and Diseases Quiz: Do You Know the Complications, Proper Workup, and Best Treatment Practices for Ischemic Stroke? Quiz: How Much Do You Know About Hypothyroidism? Quiz: Do You Know the Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Potential Treatments for Alzheimer Disease? Quiz: How Much Do You Know About Hypertension? Quiz: Test Your Knowledge of Epilepsy and Seizure-related Conditions A 25-Year-Old Man With Painless Diplopia NEWS & PERSPECTIVE Temporal Trends and Factors Associated With Diabetes Mellitus Among Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure Watchful Waiting Tied to Worse Outcomes in LVAD Patients With Hemolysis Age of Transfused Blood Impacts Perioperative Outcomes Among Patients Who Undergo Major Gastrointestinal Surgery TOOLS Drug Interaction Checker Pill Identifier Calculators Formulary SLIDESHOW Chronic Alcohol Abuse: Complications and Consequences Most Popular Articles According to Neurologists DHA Supplements Linked to Less Progression to Alzheimer's in APOE4 Carriers Heading in Soccer Linked to CNS Symptoms 'Transient Smartphone Blindness' Misdiagnosed as Multiple Sclerosis? New Advances in Traumatic Brain Injury FDA Clears Deflazacort (Emflaza) for DMD View More Overview Background

Nystagmus is a condition of involuntary (or voluntary, in rare cases) eye movement, acquired in infancy or later in life, that may result in reduced or limited vision. Due to the involuntary movement of the eye, it has been called "dancing eyes"

Vasculitis is an inflammation of your blood vessels. It causes changes in the walls of blood vessels, including thickening, weakening, narrowing and scarring. These changes restrict blood flow, resulting in organ and tissue damage. There are many types of vasculitis, and most of them are rare. Vasculitis might affect just one organ, such as your skin, or it may involve several. The condition can be short term (acute) or long lasting (chronic). Vasculitis can affect anyone, though some types are more common among certain groups. Depending on the type you have, you may improve without treatment. Or you will need medications to control the inflammation and prevent flare-ups. Vasculitis is also known as angiitis and arteritis.

Biceps tenodesis surgery is performed when the biceps tendon is damaged, or the rotator cuff tendon or cartilage ring in the shoulder is torn. The biceps tendon is a strong rope‐like structure connecting the upper end of the biceps muscle to the bones in the shoulder. In biceps tenodesis surgery, the biceps tendon is separated from the shoulder and reattached to the humerus, or the upper arm bone.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is an unusual tumor that, in the newborn, is located at the base of the tailbone (coccyx). This birth defect is more common in female than in male babies. Although the tumors can grow very large, they are usually not malignant (that is, cancerous).

In breastfeeding, the latch is the moment everything comes together: Your baby takes a big mouthful of your nipple and areola (or "latches on"), begins to suck, and draws out your milk. When your baby has established a good latch, your nipple soreness is minimized and your little one gets the nourishment he needs. How do you pull all that off? First and most important, have faith in yourself and your baby. "Babies are designed to breastfeed," says Emily Pease, R.N., international board certified lactation consultant (IBCLC), of Swedish Hospital's Breastfeeding Center in Seattle. "They are born with instincts that help them find Mom's breast and latch on often with very little assistance. And if problems do come up, there are lots of ways to troubleshoot." Here are more steps to get a good latch right from the start.

Cricothyroidotomy Video

Thoracentesis is used diagnostically to establish the cause of a pleural effusion. It can also be performed to drain large effusions that lead to respiratory compromise

Piriformis syndrome refers to when the piriformis muscle irritates the sciatic nerve and caues pain along the back of the leg and foot.

Epidermoid cysts, also called sebaceous, keratin, or epithelial cysts, are small, hard lumps that develop under the skin. These cysts are common. They grow slowly. They do not cause other symptoms and are nearly never cancerous. Epidermoid cysts are often found on the face, head, neck, back, or genitals

Histology of all the different types of cartilage. This video is a part of our Histology Video Course (https://youtube.com/playlist?l....ist=PLnr1l7WuQdDynxT

All Histology Videos: https://youtube.com/playlist?l....ist=PLnr1l7WuQdDynxT

Thank you to our sponsor Doc2Doc Lending, the Personal Lending platform designed for Doctors, by Doctors. Check out https://doc2doclending.com/davinci to learn more today.

Additional YouTube Content
Biochemistry videos: https://youtube.com/playlist?l....ist=PLnr1l7WuQdDzCUC
Anatomy Videos: https://youtube.com/playlist?l....ist=PLnr1l7WuQdDz2dK
DaVinci Cases Videos: https://youtube.com/playlist?l....ist=PLnr1l7WuQdDyJUl
The DaVinci Hour Podcast: https://youtube.com/playlist?l....ist=PLnr1l7WuQdDwSm9

DaVinci Academy Website: https://www.dviacademy.com/

Purchase a license to download a non-watermarked copy of this video here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.....com/-/galleries/all-

Voice by: Sue Stern.
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
Support us on Patreon and get FREE downloads and other great rewards: patreon.com/AlilaMedicalMedia

Perfect for patient education purposes.
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

LASIK, or "laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis," is the most commonly performed laser eye surgery to treat myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. The goal of the treatment is to reshape the cornea to correct the refractive error of the eye.
The cornea is the transparent dome-shaped structure in front of the eye. The cornea refracts light and accounts for about two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. Altering the curvature of the cornea changes the way light rays enter the eye. As a result, the light rays can be focused properly onto the retina for clearer vision.
For nearsighted people, the laser is used to flatten the cornea. For farsighted people, the cornea is made steeper. For patients with astigmatism, the laser is used to smooth the irregularly-shaped cornea into a more regular shape.
The outer layer of the cornea - the epithelium – is capable of replacing itself within a few days after being damaged or removed. The deeper layer of the cornea – the stroma, on the contrary, is a permanent corneal tissue with very limited regenerative capacity. The stroma, if reshaped by a laser, will remain that way permanently.
In this procedure, a thin, circular "FLAP" is created in the surface of the cornea to gain access to the permanent corneal tissue. This can be done with a mechanical cutting tool called a microkeratome, OR, for a blade-free experience, by a femtosecond laser. An excimer laser is then used to remove some corneal tissue to reshape the cornea. Excimer laser uses cool ultraviolet light beams to vaporize microscopic amounts of tissue in a precise manner to accurately reshape the cornea. The excimer laser is computer-controlled and is programmed based on the patient’s refractive error. The flap is then laid back in place and is allowed to heal.
LASIK eye surgery is mostly painless and can be completed within minutes. Improved vision can usually be seen overnight.

PRK, or photorefractive keratectomy, was the first type of laser eye surgery for vision correction and is the predecessor to the popular LASIK procedure. In PRK, NO flap is created. Rather, the epithelial cells on the eye surface are simply removed. An excimer laser is then used to reshape the cornea just like it does in LASIK.
The vision correction outcomes of PRK surgery are comparable to those of LASIK, but the recovery period is longer. This is because the epithelium is completely removed in PRK and it takes a few days to regenerate. PRK patients also have more discomfort and haziness of vision in the first few days after the surgery. Improved vision also takes longer to achieve.
PRK does, however, offer certain advantages. Because PRK does not involve creation of a flap, which contains both epithelial and deeper stromal tissue, the entire thickness of the stroma is available for treatment. The treatment range is therefore higher. This is particularly useful for patients with high levels of myopia or for those whose cornea is too thin for LASIK. PRK is also free of flap-related complication risks.

Upper Limb Examination Video

Indications for endovascular repair of the iliac artery are: Stenosis or (short-segment) occlusion of iliac artery (TASC type A and B, TASC C lesions are controversial) with ipsilateral lower extremity ischemia (lifestyle-limiting, progressive claudication, rest pain, gangrene). Patients with asymptomatic aneurysm greater than 4 cm in diameter. An iliac aneurysm which has also increased in size by 0.5 cm in last six months. Symptomatic iliac artery aneurysms mandate endovascular (or open) repair regardless of size. Patients with long occluded lesions/poor run-off/acute limb ischemia are poor endovascular candidates.

Whole Body CT scan with contrast media HD