How amblyopia develops in children. Basically, if one eye doesn't see well from an early age, the wiring never forms correctly back to the occipital cortex.

4 mth old child with left incomplete cleft lip repaired with advancement-rotation flap. Markings, steps of procedure recorded

Get the facts and fight back against Dry Eye disease.

Binding and Fusion: HIV begins its life cycle
when it binds to a CD4 receptor and one of two
co-receptors on the surface of a CD4+
Tlymphocyte. The virus then fuses with the host
cell. After fusion, the virus releases RNA, its
genetic material, into the host cell.

Reverse Transcription: An HIV enzyme
called reverse transcriptase converts the singlestranded HIV RNA to double-stranded HIV DNA.

Integration: The newly formed HIV DNA
enters the host cell's nucleus, where an HIV
enzyme called integrase "hides" the HIV DNA
within the host cell's own DNA. The integrated
HIV DNA is called provirus. The provirus may
remain inactive for several years, producing few or
no new copies of HIV

Transcription: When the host cell receives a
signal to become active, the provirus uses a host
enzyme called RNA polymerase to create copies of
the HIV genomic material, as well as shorter
strands of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA).
The mRNA is used as a blueprint to make long
chains of HIV proteins.

Assembly: An HIV enzyme called protease cuts
the long chains of HIV proteins into smaller
individual proteins. As the smaller HIV proteins
come together with copies of HIV's RNA genetic
material, a new virus particle is assembled.

Budding: The newly assembled virus pushes out
("buds") from the host cell. During budding, the new
virus steals part of the cell's outer envelope. This
envelope, which acts as a covering, is studded with
protein/sugar combinations called HIV
glycoproteins. These HIV glycoproteins are
necessary for the virus to bind CD4 and coreceptors. The new copies of HIV can now move
on to infect other cells.

Inserting main port in laparoscopy

bilateral tubal ligation as modified Pomeroy technique during a C-Section

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Hair transplant is a life-altering decision. If you are worried about hair loss, or consider baldness a hindrance, then you are ready to take the next step. Now the question is what to do next? Obviously, the worst choice would be to do "nothing" at all! Secondly, you could try to preserve your existing hair with medicines, remedies and hair-care products - it might just work for you. Thirdly, you could go for a hair-piece or a wig. But if you're reading this, then the chances are that you're looking for a permanent solution for your hair problem, which can best be provided through a hair transplant -an increasingly popular method of defeating baldness and patchy hair.
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Stay active and push your body to its limit – tips on how you can mend strained muscles and prevent injury.

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Sex reassignment surgery for male-to-female involves reshaping the male genitals into a form with the appearance of, and, as far as possible, the function of female genitalia. Prior to any surgeries, patients usually undergo hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and, depending on the age at which HRT begins, facial hair removal. There are associated surgeries patients may elect to, including facial feminization surgery, breast augmentation, and various other procedures

External cephalic version, or version, is a procedure used to turn a fetus from a breech position or side-lying (transverse) position into a head-down (vertex) position before labor begins. When successful, version makes it possible for you to try a vaginal birth.

The majority of fetuses are in a breech presentation early in pregnancy. By week 38th week of gestation, however, the fetus normally turns to a cephalic presentation. Although the fetal head is the widest single diameter, the fetus’s buttocks [ breech], plus the lower extremities, actually takes up more space. The fundus, being the largest part of the uterus, probably accounts for the fact that in approximately 97% of all pregnancies, the fetus turns so that the buttocks and lower extremities are in the fundus. Vaginal delivery of a breech presentation requires great skill if the fetus is not to be damaged. With the low rate of vaginal breech deliveries in the developed world, experience is being lost. 6% of women with breech presentation still have a vaginal breech delivery as they present too late - so units need to retain a high level of preparedness. Types of breech presentation: I. Complete breech [ flexed breech]: The fetal attitude is one of complete flexion, with hips and knees both flexed and the feet tucked in beside the buttocks. The presenting part consists of two buttocks, external genitalia and two feet. It is commonly present in multiparae. II. Incomplete breech: This is due to varying degrees of extension of thighs or legs at podalic pole. Three varieties are possible; - Breech with extended legs [ frank breech ]: The breech presents with the hips flexed and legs extended on the abdomen. 70% of breech presentations are of this type and it is particularly common in primigravidae whose good uterine muscle tone inhibits flexion of the legs and free turning of the fetus. - Footling breech: This is rare. One or both feet present because neither hips nor knees are fully flexed. The feet are lower than the buttocks, which distinguishes it from the complete breech. - Knee presentation: This is very rare. Thighs are extended but the knees are flexed, bringing the knees down to present at the brim.

No two people alike. Here are the 10 most rare and strange medical conditions all expecting parents dread.

IV cannulation is a skill that has scared a lot of student nurses and even professionals. Perhaps it’s because IV insertion is an invasive procedure, and nurses are too worried that they might hurt their patients. Or maybe it’s because they are just clueless about IV therapy do’s and don’ts–things that one can only fully understand through constant practice.

Cardiac tamponade Email this page to a friend Print Facebook Twitter Bookmark & Share Cardiac tamponade is pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle (myocardium) and the outer covering sac of the heart (pericardium). Causes In this condition, blood or fluid collects in the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. This prevents the heart ventricles from expanding fully. The excess pressure from the fluid prevents the heart from working properly. As a result, the body does not get enough blood. Cardiac tamponade can occur due to: Dissecting aortic aneurysm (thoracic) End-stage lung cancer Heart attack (acute MI) Heart surgery Pericarditis caused by bacterial or viral infections Wounds to the heart

http://barretts-esophagus-cure.info-pro.co Barrett's Esophagus, Barrett's Esophagus Metaplasia, Barrett's Esophagus Bulimia. Are you lost, scared, frustrated, or confused? Have you been recently diagnosed with Barrett’s? Maybe your loved one or a close family member is now a victim of this painful disease. If so, I’d like to share with you some possibly life changing information on how I personally cured my own Barrett’s Esophagus. But before I do I’d like you to take a deep breath, relax for a moment, and let your worry subside because. Even though the Society of Thoracic Surgeons has determined that people with Barrett’s Esophagus are 40x’s more likely to get esophageal cancer, this diagnosis isn’t always a death sentence. Having been a victim of Barrett’s myself, I can relate to the excruciating pain this disease can cause. Maybe you’re like I was, trying to hide the symptoms when the burning, the heartburn, and the PAIN would become so unbearable I’d try doing anything to block it out. I can clearly recall the feeling of those scorching corroding acids inside my throat that would burn like fire, tearing up my esophagus from the inside out. It’s a pain I will NEVER forget. For me, maybe like you, many of my days were spent in anguish and painful agony. Barrett’s Reversed Without Surgery, Pills, PPI Pumps, Antacids, or Drugs. Clicking Here http://barretts-esophagus-cure.info-pro.co

Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is defined pathologically as the irreversible death of myocardial cells caused by ischemia. Clinically, MI is a syndrome that can be recognized by a set of symptoms, chest pain being the hallmark of these symptoms in most cases, supported by biochemical laboratory changes, electrocardiographic (ECG) changes, or findings on imaging modalities able to detect myocardial injury and necrosis. According to the third universal definition of MI, implemented by a joint task force from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), American College of Cardiology (ACC) Foundation, American Heart Association (AHA), and the World Heart Federation (WHF), MI is diagnosed when either of the following two criteria are met

Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance. For others, it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. Asthma can't be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it's important that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust treatment as needed.

Asplenia is the absence of spleen and/or its functions. Abnormalities of the spleen may be classified on a pattern oriented approach, based on splenic imaging.[1] These include anomalies of the following: Shape (clefts, notches, lobules) Location (wandering spleen) Number (asplenia, polysplenia) Size (splenomegaly, atrophy) Solitary lesions (cysts, lymphangiomas, hemangiomas, hamartomas) Multiple lesions (trauma, infections, neoplasms, storage disorders) Diffuse disease (infarction, heavy metal deposition, peliosis) Absence of splenic tissue can be total (congenital asplenia) or partial (hypoplastic) from birth. Loss of splenic tissue due to surgical removal may occur later in life as a result of trauma that causes rupture of the organ. The spleen may be removed in other conditions (eg, hemoglobinopathies) to improve the red cell life expectancy. Removal of the spleen may be undertaken as a result of being involved in a neoplastic processor as a staging procedure in some cancers. Occasionally, the spleen may be removed to address the sheer mass effect of a massive enlargement (such as in storage disorders), which can cause mass effects. Autosplenectomy is the process where the spleen loses its function due to multiple and repeated infarctive episodes, as in sickle hemoglobinopathies. See the image below.