Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves an immune-mediated process in which an abnormal response of the body’s immune system is directed against the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is made up of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves.

To understand high blood cholesterol (ko-LES-ter-ol), it helps to learn about cholesterol. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that’s found in all cells of the body. Your body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help you digest foods. Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs. However, cholesterol also is found in some of the foods you eat. Cholesterol travels through your bloodstream in small packages called lipoproteins (lip-o-PRO-teens). These packages are made of fat (lipid) on the inside and proteins on the outside. Two kinds of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout your body: low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Having healthy levels of both types of lipoproteins is important. LDL cholesterol sometimes is called “bad” cholesterol. A high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries. (Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your body.) HDL cholesterol sometimes is called “good” cholesterol. This is because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. Your liver removes the cholesterol from your body.

University of California, Berkeley engineers have built the first dust-sized, wireless sensors that can be implanted in the body, bringing closer the day when a Fitbit-like device could monitor internal nerves, muscles or organs in real time.

An intrauterine device (IUD), also known as intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD or ICD) or coil, is a small, often T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into a woman's uterus to prevent pregnancy. IUDs are one form of long-acting reversible birth control (LARC).

Surgery involves removing the cyst as well as part of the involved joint capsule or tendon sheath, which is considered the root of the ganglion. Even after excision, there is a small chance the ganglion will return. A ganglion cyst at the wrist is removed during a surgical procedure called excision.

Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells on the cervix camera.gif grow out of control. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Cervical cancer can often be successfully treated when it's found early. It is usually found at a very early stage through a Pap test.

Pregnancy ultrasounds are performed mainly using transabdominal ultrasound. For many women, especially after 8 weeks gestation, sufficient information about the baby may be obtained with transabdominal ultrasound only. However, in the early pregnancy, the developing embryo is very small (at 6 weeks gestation, the baby is only 5-9mm long) and a transvaginal ultrasound may be required to get a better image of the baby. Transvaginal ultrasound is safe and commonly performed during all stages of pregnancy, including the first trimester. It will not harm you or your baby.

Male To Female Gender Reassignment Surgery

A Lecture Presented to The International Congress of Pediatric Hepatology & Gastroenterology, September 2010

The obstetric examination is distinct from other examinations in that you, the clinician, are trying to assess the health of two individuals – the mother and the fetus – simultaneously. From the initial history, you should be able to judge the health of the pregnancy, any risk factors that need to be addressed, and any concerns from the parents. The history is an opportunity for you to find out how much the parents know about pregnancy, labour and delivery and if they have any preferences to which these events are carried out. A carefully taken history will also direct your attention to specific signs during the examination. As such, it is important that you develop a concise and systematic method of taking the history and carrying out the examination so that you do not miss any important information. This article focuses primarily on the examination. Pregnancy is a sensitive issue, especially for the primigravida’s. Therefore, extra care is needed when you approach a pregnant woman. Always obtain expressed informed consent before examining her and have a chaperone accompany you throughout the examination. A walk-through of what you will be doing is a good way of reassuring the patient and allows the examination to go on smoothly. It is also important to let your patient know that if the examination is too painful, she can stop at any time she wants. Finally, before you begin, you should always wash your hands, especially at an OSCE station.

Although techniques of vascular anastomosis after trauma are numerous in type and form, most surgeons will default to the one associated with the greatest comfort and ease. This report offers a rapid and reliable repair using a conceptually and operationally simple technique. Its methodology is appropriate for all repairs, including cases mandating the insertion of vascular conduit. We have employed this technique for the past 15 years in nearly all patients with vascular injuries, regardless of the site and size of the vessel. This has included vessels of the neck, torso, upper and lower extremities. There have been no obvious complications associated with its use. Major advantages include: 1) the operating system is always oriented towards the surgeon, 2) the posterior row of sutures is placed as both ends are readily visualized, avoiding the need for potentially obscuring traction stitches, and 3) flushing is easily performed prior to completing the anterior suture row.

This particular video is intended as a demonstration of a physical exam that may be useful in evaluating a patient with shoulder pain.

It is not intended as a complete instructional video and should not be considered a source of complete physical examination instruction. It is also intended not as a perfect example of a physical exam that would be performed for a patient in clinical practice, but is designed to optimize function and efficiency for a OSCE testing setting.

Instead, it should be treated as a supplement to independent learning using primary Osteopathic Physical Examination instructional resources. Clinical skills are best learned and developed with support from faculty in the context of a complete Osteopathic Medical School Curriculum.

Osteopathic Clinical Skills is a channel dedicated to discussing and exploring Osteopathic Clinical Skills concepts for medical students, residents, and clinicians and presenting them in an easy to understand manner.

Attributions:
Many thanks to the University of North Texas Health Science Center Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine (UNTHSC - TCOM) for permitting use of the Medical Education Training (MET) facilities and equipment during the production of this video.

Additional thanks to the UNTHSC-TCOM learner and faculty volunteers who participated in this production and provided permission for the use of their image in this video.

Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle (Ancient Greek: rhabdomyo-) tissue breaks down rapidly (Greek –lysis). This damage may be caused by physical (e.g. crush injury), chemical, or biological factors. Breakdown products of damaged muscle cells are released into the bloodstream; some of these, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidney and may lead to kidney dysfunction. The severity of the symptoms (which may include muscle pains, vomiting and confusion) depends on the extent of the muscle damage, and whether kidney failure develops. The mainstay of treatment is generous intravenous fluids, but could include dialysis or hemofiltration.

Rhabdomyolysis and its complications are significant problems for those injured in disasters such as earthquakes and bombing. Relief efforts in areas struck by earthquakes often include medical teams with skills and equipment for treatment of survivors with rhabdomyolysis. The disease and its mechanisms were first fully elucidated during the Blitz of London in 1941.

Heart Surgery | 8 Years Old Girl Open Heart Surgery Repair

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an abnormal condition of heart which increases normal heartbeat rate rapidly. Normally, heartbeat rate should be between 80 to 100 beats per minute. For more info: https://goo.gl/14btbU

Female Reproductive System Anatomy

The etiology of BOO is diverse and definitely gender specific. Often anatomic causes induce functional abnormality that remains somewhat unique for each individual, regardless of sex. A full appreciation of the possible etiologies of obstruction is necessary in order to identify overt and more subtle scenarios. In women, iatrogenic causes of obstruction are the most common. Other entities account for far fewer of the cases. The obstruction evaluation in women is somewhat more diverse in terms of modalities used, with no single grouping of techniques that are generally apropos. Individualized evaluation remains a tenet of analysis, and urodynamic criteria used to diagnose BOO in women continue to evolve.

The clinician performing the procedure should be familiar with the anatomy of the specific joint and cognizant of the relevant landmarks in order to avoid puncture of tendons, blood vessels, and nerves (see the images below).

this video show the surgical technique of a perforator propeller flap for the reconstruction of the lower limb.

Histology of Colon