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Chapters

0:00 Introduction
1:04 Why do doctors perform laparoscopy?
2:11 How is laparoscopy performed?
3:22 Result
3:47 Risk of laparoscopy

Laparoscopy (from Ancient Greek λαπάρα (lapára) 'flank, side', and σκοπέω (skopéō) 'to see') is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis using small incisions (usually 0.5–1.5 cm) with the aid of a camera. The laparoscope aids diagnosis or therapeutic interventions with a few small cuts in the abdomen.[1]

Laparoscopic surgery, also called minimally invasive procedure, bandaid surgery, or keyhole surgery, is a modern surgical technique. There are a number of advantages to the patient with laparoscopic surgery versus an exploratory laparotomy. These include reduced pain due to smaller incisions, reduced hemorrhaging, and shorter recovery time. The key element is the use of a laparoscope, a long fiber optic cable system that allows viewing of the affected area by snaking the cable from a more distant, but more easily accessible location.

Laparoscopic surgery includes operations within the abdominal or pelvic cavities, whereas keyhole surgery performed on the thoracic or chest cavity is called thoracoscopic surgery. Specific surgical instruments used in laparoscopic surgery include obstetrical forceps, scissors, probes, dissectors, hooks, and retractors. Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery belong to the broader field of endoscopy. The first laparoscopic procedure was performed by German surgeon Georg Kelling in 1901. There are two types of laparoscope:[2]

A telescopic rod lens system, usually connected to a video camera (single-chip or three-chip)
A digital laparoscope where a miniature digital video camera is placed at the end of the laparoscope, eliminating the rod lens system

The mechanism mentioned in the second type is mainly used to improve the image quality of flexible endoscopes, replacing conventional fiberscopes. Nevertheless, laparoscopes are rigid endoscopes. Rigidity is required in clinical practice. The rod-lens-based laparoscopes dominate overwhelmingly in practice, due to their fine optical resolution (50 µm typically, dependent on the aperture size used in the objective lens), and the image quality can be better than that of the digital camera if necessary. The second type of laparoscope is very rare in the laparoscope market and in hospitals.[citation needed]

Also attached is a fiber optic cable system connected to a "cold" light source (halogen or xenon) to illuminate the operative field, which is inserted through a 5 mm or 10 mm cannula or trocar. The abdomen is usually insufflated with carbon dioxide gas. This elevates the abdominal wall above the internal organs to create a working and viewing space. CO2 is used because it is common to the human body and can be absorbed by tissue and removed by the respiratory system. It is also non-flammable, which is important because electrosurgical devices are commonly used in laparoscopic procedures.[3]
Procedures
Surgeons perform laparoscopic stomach surgery.
Patient position

During the laparoscopic procedure, the position of the patient is either in Trendelenburg position or in reverse Trendelenburg. These positions have an effect on cardiopulmonary function. In Trendelenburg's position, there is an increased preload due to an increase in the venous return from lower extremities. This position results in cephalic shifting of the viscera, which accentuates the pressure on the diaphragm. In the case of reverse Trendelenburg position, pulmonary function tends to improve as there is a caudal shifting of viscera, which improves tidal volume by a decrease in the pressure on the diaphragm. This position also decreases the preload on the heart and causes a decrease in the venous return leading to hypotension. The pooling of blood in the lower extremities increases the stasis and predisposes the patient to develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT).[4]
Gallbladder

Rather than a minimum 20 cm incision as in traditional (open) cholecystectomy, four incisions of 0.5–1.0 cm, or more recently, a single incision of 1.5–2.0 cm,[5] will be sufficient to perform a laparoscopic removal of a gallbladder. Since the gallbladder is similar to a small balloon that stores and releases bile, it can usually be removed from the abdomen by suctioning out the bile and then removing the deflated gallbladder through the 1 cm incision at the patient's navel. The length of postoperative stay in the hospital is minimal, and same-day discharges are possible in cases of early morning procedures.[citation needed]
Colon and kidney

This sqadia.com short video clip is a brief explanation of Epithelium.

Epithelium is one of the four basic tissues of the body and is derived from all three germ layers.

It is composed of very closely packed, contiguous cells, with very little or no extracellular material in the extracellular spaces.

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Histology Lectures Collection -
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Epithelial membranes can be: Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, and Pseudostratified epithelium.

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When there are two or more layers of cells epithelia is referred to as stratified, hence can be stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar.

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How to start a peripheral IV in the dorsum of the hand: clinical nursing skill technique.

Starting an IV (intravenous catheter) can be an intimidating experience for nurses, especially nursing students and new nurses. However, nurses will perform IV insertions often, so this is an important nursing skill to learn.

Before starting an IV, always follow the protocols of your facility, as well as manufacturer's instructions for any supplies used.

In this video, Nurse Sarah demonstrates how to start a peripheral IV in the dorsum of the hand. Prior to inserting the IV, you'll want to do the following:

-Gather supplies
-Perform hand hygiene
-Prepare supplies (including priming the saline flush, removing air from extension tubing, opening packages, completing labels, and any other steps required by your facility.
-Locate a suitable vein
-Perform hand hygiene
-Don gloves


If the patient has a lot of hair, you might want to use clippers to trim the hairs prior to starting the IV. You may also apply a tourniquet to help veins move near the surface of the skin.


Next, you'll want to clean the site using the cleaner that came in the IV start kit, such as ChloraPrep.


Once the site has dried completely, you can insert the IV. Stabilize the vein with your non-dominant hand, and insert the IV's needle into the vein, watching carefully for blood return (or a blood flash) in the chamber. Advance the IV around 2mm more to ensure the plastic cannula is in the vein, then thread the cannula into the vein and press the needle safety button.

Notes: https://www.registerednursern.....com/how-to-start-an-
IV Video Series: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbG_1-_mnoo&list=PLQrdx7rRsKfXr6kruqEpIovf66sxo0gxh



This video also demonstrates how to flush the IV using the push-pause method, how to secure the IV using the Tegaderm dressing that came with the IV start kit, considerations of the different cap types and the clamp sequence, and more.



For more information, watch the complete tutorial.

#nurse #nursing #iv #startiv #ivtherapy



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In this video I show the steps to give a woman a full body energy orgasm without even touching her.

*How to setup a dialysis Machine*

This is part one of two parts of *How to setup a dialysis Machine* Setting up the Fresenius 2008K hemodialysis machine.


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Watch that video of Dissection Inside Fat Body

watch that video of Popping a Huge Hand Burn Blister

heart dissection / cardiac anatomy

Watch that Real Human Body Decaying Process

#GIT #Esophagus #histology

I talk about 5 Essential Skills you need as a nurse. These skills are timeless in the fat that you will always need to use them at some level. Of course specific skills are good to have as well but these skills are universal and can help you in other areas of life as well.

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The video will describe anatomical structures as seen on a CT scan. Please see discalimer on my website.

Laser Circumcision

Learn how to start your Kegels or pelvic floor exercises after hysterectomy.

A hematoma is a common complication of surgical procedures. A large, expanding hematoma can result in necrosis of the overlying skin (1,2) or adjacent subcutaneous fat, increased incidence of infection, scarring, skin hyperpigmentation, tissue edema and a prolonged convalescence.

Watch that Full Human Body Decay Process Video

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Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a fertility treatment that involves placing sperm inside a woman's uterus to facilitate fertilization. The goal of IUI is to increase the number of sperm that reach the fallopian tubes and subsequently increase the chance of fertilization