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The exam should be performed in an orderly fashion as follows: 1. Have the patient stick out their tongue so that you can examine the posterior pharynx (i.e. the back of the throat). Ask the patient to say "Ah", which elevates the soft palate, giving you a better view. If you are still unable to see, place the tongue blade � way back on the tongue and press down while the patient again says "Ah," hopefully improving your view. This causes some people to gag, particularly when the blade is pushed onto the more proximal aspects of the tongue. It may occasionally be important to determine whether the gag reflex is functional (e.g. after a stroke that impairs CNs 9 or 10; or to determine if a patient with depressed level of consciousness is able to protect their airway from aspiration). This is done by touching a q-tip against the posterior pharynx, uvula or tongue. It is not necessary to do this during your routine exam as it can be quite noxious!
2. Note that the uvula hangs down from the roof of the mouth, directly in the mid-line. With an "Ah," the uvula rises up. Deviation to one side may be caused by CN 9 palsy (the uvula deviates away from the affected side), a tumor or an infection. CN9 Pasly Cranial Nerve 9 Dysfunction: Patient has suffered stroke, causing loss of function of left CN 9. As a result, uvula is pulled towards the normally functioning (ie right) side. 3. The normal pharynx has a dull red color. In the setting of infection, it can become quite red, frequently covered with a yellow or white exudate (e.g. with Strep. Throat or other types of pharyngitis).
4. The tonsils lie in an alcove created by arches on either side of the mouth. The apex of these arches are located lateral to and on a line with the uvula. Normal tonsils range from barely apparent to quite prominent. When infected, they become red, are frequently covered by whitish/yellow discharge. In the setting of a peritonsilar abscess, the tonsils appear asymmetric and the uvula may be pushed away from the affected side. When this occurs, the tonsil may actually compromise the size of the oral cavity, making breathing quite difficult.
5. Look carefully along the upper and lower gum lines and at the mucosa in general, which can appear quite dry if the patient is dehydrated.
6. Examine the teeth to get a sense of general dentition, particularly if the patient has a dental complaint. Pain produced by tapping on a tooth is commonly caused by a root abscess. Tooth Abscess: Tooth abscess involving left molar region. Associated inflammation of left face can clearly be seen. 7. Have the patient stick their tongue outside their mouth, which allows evaluation of CN 12. If there is nerve impairment, the tongue will deviate towards the affected side. Any obvious growths or abnormalities? Ask them to flip their tongue up so that you can look at the underside. If you see something abnormal, grasp the tongue with gauze so that you can get a better look. Left CN 12 Dysfunction: Stroke has resulted in L CN 12 Palsy. Tongue therefore deviates to the left.
8. Make note of any growths along the cheeks, hard palate (the roof of the mouth between the teeth), soft palate, or anywhere else. In particular, patients who smoke or chew tobacco are at risk for oral squamous cell cancer. Any areas which are painful or appear abnormal should also be palpated. Put on a pair of gloves to better explore these regions. What do they feel like? Are they hard? To what extent does a growth involve deeper structures? If the patient feels something that you cannot see, try to get someone else to hold the light source, freeing both your hands to explore the oral cavity with two tongue depressors.
A craniotomy is the surgical removal of part of the bone from the skull to expose the brain. Specialized tools are used to remove the section of bone called the bone flap. The bone flap is temporarily removed, then replaced after the brain surgery has been done.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a disorder that can lead to easy or excessive bruising and bleeding. The bleeding results from unusually low levels of platelets — the cells that help blood clot. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, which is also called immune thrombocytopenia, affects children and adults. Children often develop ITP after a viral infection and usually recover fully without treatment. In adults, the disorder is often long term. If you don't have signs of bleeding and your platelet count isn't too low, you may not need any treatment. In rare cases, the number of platelets may be so low that dangerous internal bleeding occurs. Treatment options are available.
A lipoma is a growth of fat cells in a thin, fibrous capsule usually found just below the skin. Lipomas aren't cancer and don't turn into cancer. They are found most often on the torso, neck, upper thighs, upper arms, and armpits, but they can occur almost anywhere in the body. One or more lipomas may be present at the same time.
Lumbar puncture is a common emergency department procedure used to obtain information about the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic and, less commonly, therapeutic reasons. Please refer to the full article on Lumbar Puncture for more details on the lumbar puncture procedure. Lumbar puncture is typically performed via “blind” surface landmark guidance. The surface landmark technique is reported to be successful in a high percentage of attempted lumbar punctures; however, surface landmark identification of underlying structures has been shown to be accurate only 30% of the time. [1] Unsuccessful identification of proper landmarks often leads to increased difficulty in obtaining CSF, if the procedure is performed, and a higher rate of complications. Few alternatives are available in these cases. If available, fluoroscopic-guided lumbar puncture may be performed. If not, treatment is sometimes initiated empirically without obtaining CSF. Disadvantages of using fluoroscopy include limited availability or necessary transport of the patient outside of the emergency department, inability to directly visualize the spinal canal, and inherent radiation exposure
Are you seeking sinus, allergy, or nasal congestion relief? Nasal irrigation, also known as nasal rinsining, is your solution! Nasal Care's nasal irrigation system is an all-natural, simple, and easy sinus and allergy treatment that brings gentle and soothing sinus relief. Visit www.nasalcleanse.com to learn more about the safe, simple and all-natural relief you can experience with NasalCare's nasal irrigation system.
Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to stroke by damaging and weakening your brain's blood vessels, causing them to narrow, rupture or leak. High blood pressure can also cause blood clots to form in the arteries leading to your brain, blocking blood flow and potentially causing a stroke. Dementia.
Certain high-surgical-risk patients with severe degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) now have a minimally invasive treatment option. MitraClip® therapy is a minimally-invasive transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) procedure that has been established as a proven option with demonstrated safety and clinically important improvements. Used in more than 25,000 patients worldwide, MitraClip® is a well-established therapy. The MitraClip® device received CE Mark approval in Europe in 2008 and U.S. FDA approval in 2013, and has been approved for commercial use in 50 countries throughout the world.
What is idiopathic intracranial hypertension? Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder that results from an increase in the pressure of the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF) that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord. The CSF is constantly produced in the brain and reabsorbed back into the bloodstream at a fairly constant rate. This allows the fluid pressure around the brain to remain constant. What are the symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension? Headaches that are generally nonspecific in location, type and frequency and can be associated with nausea and vomiting. Pulsatile tinnitus is a rhythmic or pulsating ringing heard in one or both ears. Horizontal double vision can be a sign of pressure on the 6th cranial nerve(s). Nonspecific radiating pain in the arms or legs (radicular pain). Transient obscurations of vision (TOV), which are temporary dimming or complete blacking out of vision. Visual field defects. These defects can occur in the central as well as the peripheral vision. Loss of color vision. What causes idiopathic intracranial hypertension? The cause is usually not known. A common explanation for increased pressure is a problem with the reabsorption of this fluid back into the body, which causes the pressure to increase. Sometimes the cause is determined and is referred to as “secondary” intracranial hypertension.
Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a rash that primarily occurs in people with asthma or allergies. The rash is often reddish and itchy with a scaly texture. Psoriasis is a common skin condition that can cause a scaly, itchy, red rash to form along the scalp, elbows, and joints.Apr 13, 2016
Dialysis lecture 1. Dialysis Study: EXPERT NOTES for DHA, Bonent, CHT, B.Sc in Dialysis, Diploma in Dialysis https://amzn.eu/d/35Ui1kT
2. Dialysis Study : Q & A: MCQs, Fill in the blanks, True or False https://amzn.eu/d/gGn8u73
1. Dialysis Study :EXPERT NOTES for DHA, Bonent, CHT, B.Sc in Dialysis, Diploma in Dialysis, Naseha Helal.
https://play.google.com/store/....books/details?id=D_7
2. Dialysis Study: Q & A MCQ https://play.google.com/store/....books/details?id=T_3
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Dialysis machine alarms
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DDS dialysis disequilibrium syndrome
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Peritoneal Dialysis
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Itching
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What is CRRT
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LVH
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Sorbent dialysis
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RO Water
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Carbon filter RO water
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Hemoperfusion
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AV fistula or Dialysis fistula
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Dialysis MCQ
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AVF cannulation
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Complications of AV fistula
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Blood clotting during Dialysis
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Muscle crapms
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Hepatitis C
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Dialysis procedure
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Hypotension
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Heparin free dialysis
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Plasmapheresis
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Isolated ultrafiltration
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High flux dialyzer
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Urea and Creatinine
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Practical RO water demo
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Sodium profiling
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Peritoneal Dialysis
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How to stop Bleed from fistula
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Dialysis catheter
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Dr. Ankur Gupta of the Virginia Eye Institute discusses LASIK eye surgery as a method of correcting refractive errors. LASIK was first performed in Virginia on an FDA-approved laser by a VEI surgeon in 1996. Today, Virginia Eye Institute offers both conventional LASIK and custom LASIK with the bladeless IntraLase laser to precisely sculpt your cornea to correct refractive errors.
For more information on the services and procedures offered at Virginia Eye Institute please visit: https://goo.gl/6nX4RZ
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