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Pulmonary Artery Catheterization
Pulmonary Artery Catheterization samer kareem 1,589 Views • 2 years ago

Any independent vertical movement of the transducer or the patient will affect the hydrostatic column of this fluid-filled system and thus alter the pressure measurements. At some time before or after PAC insertion, the system must therefore be zeroed to ambient air pressure. The reference point for this is the midpoint of the left atrium (LA), estimated as the fourth intercostal space in the midaxillary line with the patient in the supine position. With the transducer at this height, the membrane is exposed to atmospheric pressure, and the monitor is then adjusted to zero. Calibration Once zeroed, the monitoring system must be calibrated for accuracy. Currently, most monitors perform an automated electronic calibration. Two methods are used to manually calibrate and check the system. If the catheter has not been inserted, the distal tip of the PAC is raised to a specified height above the LA. For example, raising the tip 20 cm above the LA should produce a reading of approximately 15 mm Hg if the system is working properly (1 mm Hg equals 1.36 cm H 2 O). Alternatively, pressure can be applied externally to the transducer and adjusted to a known level using a mercury or aneroid manometer. The monitor then is adjusted to read this pressure, and the system is calibrated. Dynamic tuning Central pressures are dynamic waveforms (ie, they vary from systole to diastole) and thus have a periodic frequency. To monitor these pressures accurately, the system requires an appropriate frequency response. A poorly responsive system produces inaccurate pressure readings, and differentiating waveforms (eg, PA from pulmonary capillary wedge pressure [PCWP]) can become difficult. When signal energy is lost, the pressure waveform is dampened. Common causes of this are air bubbles (which are compressible), long or compliant tubing, vessel wall impingement, intracatheter debris, transducer malfunction, and loose connections in the tubing. A qualitative test of the frequency response is performed by flicking the catheter and observing a brisk high-frequency response in the waveform. After insertion, the system can be checked by using the rapid flush test. When flushed, an appropriately responsive system shows an initial horizontal straight line with a high-pressure reading. Once the flushing is terminated, the pressure drops immediately, which is represented by a vertical line that plunges below the baseline. A brief and well-defined oscillation occurs, followed by return of the PA waveform. A dampened system will not overshoot or oscillate, and causes a delay in returning to the PA waveform.

Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia
Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia samer kareem 2,327 Views • 2 years ago

Gestational hypertension, also referred to as pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is a condition characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy. Gestational hypertension can lead to a serious condition called preeclampsia, also referred to as toxemia. Hypertension during pregnancy affects about 6-8% of pregnant women.

Stop Snoring
Stop Snoring samer kareem 1,695 Views • 2 years ago

Instead, try these natural solutions and lifestyle changes, which may help you stop snoring. Change Your Sleep Position. ... Lose Weight. ... Avoid Alcohol. ... Practice Good Sleep Hygiene. ... Open Nasal Passages. ... Change Your Pillows. ... Stay Well Hydrated.

Snoring
Snoring Mohammed Wahba 7,623 Views • 2 years ago

This child is suffering from sleep-related breathing disorder. He has very large adenoids and tonsils obstructing his way to normal breathing. Adenotonsillectomy is the best TTT modality to relieve the obstruction.

Thalassaemia is simple
Thalassaemia is simple samer kareem 18,825 Views • 2 years ago

Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder characterized by less hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells in your body than normal. Several types of thalassemia exist, including alpha-thalassemia, beta-thalassemia intermedia, Cooley's anemia and Mediterranean anemia. Hemoglobin is the substance in your red blood cells that allows them to carry oxygen. The low hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells of thalassemia may cause anemia, leaving you fatigued. If you have mild thalassemia, you may not need treatment. But, if you have a more severe form of thalassemia, you may need regular blood transfusions. You can also take steps on your own to cope with fatigue, such as choosing a healthy diet and exercising regularly.

Type 2 Diabetes Animation 3D
Type 2 Diabetes Animation 3D Alicia Berger 28,151 Views • 2 years ago

Type 2 Diabetes Animation 3D

Gynecological Examination
Gynecological Examination samer kareem 28,061 Views • 2 years ago

Gynecological Examination

Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A samer kareem 6,338 Views • 2 years ago

Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause inflammation and affect your liver's ability to function. You're most likely to contract hepatitis A from contaminated food or water or from close contact with someone who's infected. Mild cases of hepatitis A don't require treatment, and most people who are infected recover completely with no permanent liver damage. Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, is one of the best ways to protect against hepatitis A. Vaccines are available for people most at risk.

Laparoscopic Appendectomy HD
Laparoscopic Appendectomy HD Doctor 13,081 Views • 2 years ago

High definition video showing laparoscopic appendectomy operation

Bilateral renal arterial stenosis
Bilateral renal arterial stenosis samer kareem 3,934 Views • 2 years ago

Renal artery stenosis is the narrowing of one or more arteries that carry blood to your kidneys (renal arteries). Narrowing of the arteries prevents normal amounts of oxygen-rich blood from reaching your kidneys. Your kidneys need adequate blood flow to help filter waste products and remove excess fluids. Reduced blood flow may increase blood pressure in your whole body (systemic blood pressure) and injure kidney tissue.

Emergency C Section for a Bleeding Placenta
Emergency C Section for a Bleeding Placenta samer kareem 3,165 Views • 2 years ago

Emergency C Section for a Bleeding Placenta

Drawing Blood Sample Venipuncture
Drawing Blood Sample Venipuncture Scott 10,135 Views • 2 years ago

Drawing Blood Sample Venipuncture

Histology of Small Intestine Duodenum
Histology of Small Intestine Duodenum Histology 5,280 Views • 2 years ago

Histology of Small Intestine Duodenum

VASECTOMY IN-LINE WITH ILV INSTRUMENTS
VASECTOMY IN-LINE WITH ILV INSTRUMENTS Scott 13,490 Views • 2 years ago

The In-Line vasectomy is a minimally invasive, all cautery procudure. The ILV instruments were standardized by measurement and design to perform specific functions within a 4mm space.The procedure is rapid and reliable.

Defecography showing Normal Defecation
Defecography showing Normal Defecation Mohamed 27,437 Views • 2 years ago

Defecography showing Normal Defecation

Full Obstetric Examination Part 2
Full Obstetric Examination Part 2 Mohamed 51,255 Views • 2 years ago

Part 2. Full Obstetric examination and normal delivery by Egyptian doctor Hussein Sulayman and the video is in English showing: Obstetric Examination Episiotomy Obstetric Forceps Obstetric Instruments

Greg's First In-Surgery Conversation | Brain Surgery Live
Greg's First In-Surgery Conversation | Brain Surgery Live Scott 784 Views • 2 years ago

Patient Greg Grindley communicates with host Bryant Gumbel and his wife for the first time while undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery at University Hospital's Case Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio.
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Greg's First In-Surgery Conversation | Brain Surgery Live
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Abortion Surgery Video
Abortion Surgery Video Paul Jensen 312,357 Views • 2 years ago

Dilatation and curretage technique.

Surgery Video Vignettes / Histopathology
Surgery Video Vignettes / Histopathology Richard DeAngelis 8,191 Views • 2 years ago

Squmaous Cell Carcinoma Of Scalp Challenging Cases & Controversial Questions with a focus on Mohs frozen section histology and pathology. Visit us @ www.skincancercentre.com.

Scalp Squamous Cell Carcinoma  / Surgery Video Vignettes
Scalp Squamous Cell Carcinoma / Surgery Video Vignettes Richard DeAngelis 11,693 Views • 2 years ago

Graphic content of Mohs surgical removal of a large Squamous Cell Carcinoma on scalp followed by reconstruction with 10 week follow up. Visit us @ skincancercentre.com.

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