Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it. Specifically, the sounds reflect the turbulence created when the heart valves snap shut. In cardiac auscultation, an examiner may use a stethoscope to listen for these unique and distinct sounds that provide important auditory data regarding the condition of the heart. In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds often described as a lub and a dub (or dup), that occur in sequence with each heartbeat. These are the first heart sound (S1) and second heart sound (S2), produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs, adventitious sounds, and gallop rhythms S3 and S4. Heart murmurs are generated by turbulent flow of blood, which may occur inside or outside the heart. Murmurs may be physiological (benign) or pathological (abnormal). Abnormal murmurs can be caused by stenosis restricting the opening of a heart valve, resulting in turbulence as blood flows through it. Abnormal murmurs may also occur with valvular insufficiency (regurgitation), which allows backflow of blood when the incompetent valve closes with only partial effectiveness. Different murmurs are audible in different parts of the cardiac cycle, depending on the cause of the murmur.

Ca2+ binds with the membrane of the synaptic vesicles, which causes the vesicles to break and release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. After the neurotransmitters are released, they diffuse across the synaptic cleft and interact with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. When the action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, it provokes the release of a small quantity of neurotransmitter molecules, which bind to chemical receptor molecules located in the membrane of another neuron, the postsynaptic neuron, on the opposite side of the synaptic cleft.

This video describe the clinical managment of a patient with hyperprolactinemia, including the approach to diagnosis, important endocrine testing, and management options.

Anatomy of The Infratemporal Fossa

Operation of Laparoscopic Vaginal Top Closure

Want to know how much smart lipo costs? Information on liposuction including liposuction costs, different liposuction techniques, recovery tips and much more.

The operation for reversal of vasectomy

Watch that video of Female Genital Infection Causes and Symptoms

our dentist says it's time to remove your wisdom teeth. He may refer you to an oral surgeon, who will do the procedure in his office. It should only take a few days for you to heal and feel back to normal.

Examination of the eye,vision,retina and field of vision

Achieving and maintaining long-term weight loss goals.

Smallpox disease is a serious, highly contagious, and often life-threatening infection marked by a rash of round pox (blisters) on the face, arms, and legs. It is caused by the Variola virus. The last case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949.

Hiatal Hernia 3D Medical Animation

LIZ: The first time the doctor made my tip too narrow and I didnt look like myself. The second time the doctor made my tip too wide, and actually took out (removed) extra bone from the side of my nose. That didnt need to be taken out (removed)

My initial consultation with Dr. Nassif was fantastic! He treated me liker his own daughter, and was very caring and thorough. He went over everything!

DR. NASSIF: Liz came into me for a revision rhinoplasty. She told me that shes had two previous rhinoplasties. She was unhappy with the way her nose appeared on her face. She felt it was asymmetric, the tip was kind of bulbous, or large appearing, especially when she looked up, this view, it was very asymmetric. And so, her whole goal was to make it look better, hopefully make it her LAST surgery, and also to help with her breathing.

One of the things thats very important about revision rhinoplasty that you always have to consider is; What are you going to find in there? Even though you can feel the nose, you can palpate it, you can look at it, and you can guess what the other doctors have performed; your first up-hill battle is to see how much scar tissue youre going to be able to identify with. So when you have to open up the nose, you have to remove the scar tissue, identify it: whats there, whats present, whats been removed. Then after you do that, and you have cartilage now ready for grafting, or fascia, or perichondrium, you have to start rebuilding it. Rebuilding it (cartilage) is the second big stage after weve already carved everything; weve carved the cartilage. In that scenario when Im playing with the nose, in regards to staring at the profile, staring at the front of the nose, I go back and forth and look inside and outside of the nose to make sure its as symmetric as possible. That takes a long time One of Lizs main complaints was that on her profile, that her tip stuck out too far. And so one of the things I had to do in surgery is called a medial cura tuck-up, I had to push the tip back, by pushing the tip back, it can make the tip look a little bit wider. But in this situation, I was able to bring everything in as much as I can. After Im finished with everything, and Im happy, then we go ahead and we start to close the nose. Thats putting every little small stitch in perfectly, so that the scar will be minimally visible.

Mesenteric cyst is one of the rarest abdominal tumours, with approximately 820 cases reported since 1507. The incidence varies from 1 per 100,000 to 250,000 admissions. The lack of characteristic clinical features and radiological signs may present great diagnostic difficulties.

This video: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have enlarged ovaries that contain small collections of fluid — called follicles — located in each ovary as seen during an ultrasound exam. Infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods, excess hair growth, acne, and obesity can all occur in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. In adolescents, infrequent or absent menstruation may raise suspicion for the condition. The exact cause of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown. Early diagnosis and treatment along with weight loss may reduce the risk of long-term complications, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

Review of heart sounds

how is vidoe

Polycythemia vera (pol-e-sigh-THEE-me-uh VEER-uh) is a slow-growing type of blood cancer in which your bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. Polycythemia vera may also result in production of too many of the other types of blood cells — white blood cells and platelets. These excess cells thicken your blood and cause complications, such as such as a risk of blood clots or bleeding. Polycythemia vera isn't common. It usually develops slowly, and you may have it for years without noticing signs or symptoms. Often, polycythemia vera is found during a blood test done for some other reason. Without treatment, polycythemia vera can be life-threatening. However, with proper medical care, many people experience few problems related to this disease. Over time, there's a risk of progressing to more-serious blood cancers, such as myelofibrosis or acute leukemia.

A salivary gland stone -- also called salivary duct stone -- is a calcified structure that may form inside a salivary gland or duct. It can block the flow of saliva into the mouth. The majority of stones affect the submandibular glands located at the floor of the mouth.