Identify the anatomy and explain the physiology of the scrotum on diagrams and sonograms.

Describe and demonstrate the protocol for sonographic scanning of the scrotum.

Identify and describe sonographic images of congenital abnormalities of the scrotum.

Identify and describe sonographic images of pathologies of the scrotum.

Identify and describe sonographic images of extratesticular disease processes.

Identify the anatomy and explain the physiology of the prostate on diagrams and sonograms.

Describe and demonstrate the protocol for transabdominal and endorectal sonographic scanning of the prostate.

Identify and describe sonographic images of benign and malignant pathologies of the prostate, including benign hyperplasia, prostatitis, carcinoma, and calculi.

Explain the technique for prostate biopsy.

Define the criteria for an ultrasound appearance of prostate tumor staging.

Explain the technique for radiation seed implantation.

Explain the Patient Privacy Rule (HIPAA) and Patient Safety Act (see reference).

A breech birth is the birth of a baby from a breech presentation. In the breech presentation the baby enters the birth canal with the buttocks or feet first as opposed to the normal head first presentation.

There are either three or four main categories of breech births, depending upon the source:

* Frank breech - the baby's bottom comes first, and his or her legs are flexed at the hip and extended at the knees (with feet near the ears). 65-70% of breech babies are in the frank breech position.

* Complete breech - the baby's hips and knees are flexed so that the baby is sitting crosslegged, with feet beside the bottom.

* Footling breech - one or both feet come first, with the bottom at a higher position. This is rare at term but relatively common with premature fetuses.

* Kneeling breech - the baby is in a kneeling position, with one or both legs extended at the hips and flexed at the knees. This is extremely rare, and is excluded from many classifications.

As in labour with a baby in a normal head-down position, uterine contractions typically occur at regular intervals and gradually cause the cervix to become thinner and to open. In the more common breech presentations, the baby’s bottom (rather than feet or knees) is what is first to descend through the maternal pelvis and emerge from the vagina.

At the beginning of labour, the baby is generally in an oblique position, facing either the right or left side of the mother's back. As the baby's bottom is the same size in the term baby as the baby's head. Descent is thus as for the presenting fetal head and delay in descent is a cardinal sign of possible problems with the delivery of the head.

In order to begin the birth, internal rotation needs to occur. This happens when the mother's pelvic floor muscles cause the baby to turn so that it can be born with one hip directly in front of the other. At this point the baby is facing one of the mother's inner thighs. Then, the shoulders follow the same path as the hips did. At this time the baby usually turns to face the mother's back. Next occurs external rotation, which is when the shoulders emerge as the baby’s head enters the maternal pelvis. The combination of maternal muscle tone and uterine contractions cause the baby’s head to flex, chin to chest. Then the back of the baby's head emerges and finally the face.

Due to the increased pressure during labour and birth, it is normal for the baby's leading hip to be bruised and genitalia to be swollen. Babies who assumed the frank breech position in utero may continue to hold their legs in this position for some days after birth.

Graphic video demonstrating the reconstruction of a facial cheek defect following the removal of a common skin cancer in a challenging location near the lower eyelid. Visit us @ www.skincancercentre.com.

Some bodybuilders, particularly at professional level, use substances such as "site enhancement oil", commonly known as synthol, to mimic the appearance of developed muscle where it may otherwise be disproportionate or lagging. This is known as "fluffing". Synthol is 85% oil, 7.5% lidocain, and 7.5% alcohol.Use is legal and many brands are available on the internet.The use of injected oil to enhance muscle appearance had previously been used in the late 19th century before being abandoned due to health risks such as sclerosing lipogranuloma. Its use was revived more recently by bodybuilders. Use can cause pulmonary embolisms, nerve damage, infections, stroke, and the formation of oil-filled oleomas, cysts or ulcers in the muscle. Sesame oil is often used, which can cause allergic reactions such as vasculitis. An aesthetic issue is drooping of muscle under gravity. Surgical methods are also often employed to remove steroid-related gynecomastia in male bodybuilders, and breast implants in female bodybuilders who wish to retain a feminine physique, which can be compromised in terms of breast reduction by intense dieting.

The fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a human fetus, often encompassing the entire fetoplacental circulation that also includes the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal blood.

The fetal circulation works differently from that of born humans, mainly because the lungs are not in use: the fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother through the placenta and the umbilical cord.

TV interview with Adina Nack, Ph.D. about her own cervical HPV experiences, STD research, her new book (Damaged Goods? Women Living with Incurable Sexually Transmitted Diseases), and women's lives after genital warts, HPV and herpes infections. More info is available on STDdatings.com, which is the official STD dating & support site.

Doctor Amneris Luque talks about HIV Prevention in Africa. STDdatings .com was created to help people to learn HIV / AIDS prevention, share medical treatments, find trusted people to talk, get help and advice.

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