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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as progressive, chronic airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both. The majority of patients have components of both, although one of these entities will frequently dominate the clinical picture. Emphysema�airspace enlargement distal to the terminal bronchioles due to destruction of alveolar septa. Chronic bronchitis�chronic airway inflammation and bronchospasm. Clinically defined as productive cough lasting for at least 3 mo over 2 consecutive years. Although COPD is irreversible, patients with acute exacerbations do have reversible bronchospastic and inflammatory components.
This is the postmortem of a male who died of due to a blunt injury to abdomen n thus the ruptue of the spleen. there was no any scra or wond on epidermis. but the 4th rib was fractured. all the above mentioned conditions are clearly seen in this video.
This video is designed for my introductory A&P course to study the endocrine system. This tutorial will take you through the various endocrine organs, hormones produced, and effects at each tissue. Prolactin is one of the 5 hormones we are studying of the anterior pituitary. SHOW MORE
A new well designed randomized study has suggested that long term baby aspirin usage may aid in fight against cancer. The suggested mechanism is that cancers induce inflammatory responses so the anti-inflammatory mechanism of prostaglandins inhibitors may cease the progress of many cancers. There are some concerns about the study because despite the well-designed randomized study; the study didn't include a satisfying number of female participants. The study was also conducted on esophageal, colorectal and lung cancers.
Frostbite is an injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues. First your skin becomes very cold and red, then numb, hard and pale. Frostbite is most common on the fingers, toes, nose, ears, cheeks and chin. Exposed skin in cold, windy weather is most vulnerable to frostbite. But frostbite can occur on skin covered by gloves or other clothing.
Many mothers notice engorgement, or over-filled breasts, at some point or the other while they are breast-feeding their baby and it is especially common to experience when your baby is first born and you are just starting to make milk. So for the first couple of days you make colostrum and then 2-5 days later your milk comes in. And sometimes it comes in with a vengeance and all of the sudden you feel really full and it can be painful and very uncomfortable. Normally your milk supply will even out and start to work well with your babys demand, so it is kind of a supply and demand type of function, but until then, if you feel engorgement, there are a few things you can do to relieve it. If you are nursing your baby on demand this will usually help to self-regulate and most young babies want to eat every 2-3 hours and sometimes even every hour. So, basically, the more often your breasts are emptied the more relief you will feel. But on the same hand, the more you nurse the more milk your body will probably produce. This is why it is good to go off of your babys cues because then you will make what your baby needs and hopefully not much more. But if you are making more than your baby needs and you find that you are still full after feedings you will probably have to either manually express some milk or pump it off, so have a good pump available in case you need to, and if you don't, you can manually express the milk by gently massaging from the armpit down towards the nipple. And you can also try using heat prior to nursing your baby or pumping milk off and this will also help to relax things and help you to get the milk out. Take a warm shower and then feed your baby or use a warm compress.
Johns Hopkins orthopaedic hip and knee surgeon, Savyasachi "Savya" Thakkar, explains how to prepare for knee replacement surgery, and what to expect before and after surgery. To learn more about our hip and knee replacement division, visit https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/ortho. #KneeReplacement #JohnsHopkins
Q&A's
0:15 What causes someone to need a knee replacement?
0:29 What should patients do in advance of surgery?
1:10 Do you recommend physical therapy BEFORE surgery?
1:43 Will joint implants set off metal detectors at airports?
Meckel's Diverticulum is a vestigeal remnant of vitellointestinal duct. Its a true diverticulum as it contains all three layers of intestine. It is usually presents at anti mesenteric burder. Usually 2 cm (range 1- 12 cm ) in length, found in 2 % of population , and situated around 2 feet of Ileaocecal junction. 50 % cases it contains gastric mucosa , but may also contain colonic, duodenal or pancreatic mucosa .male : female ration in symptomatic cases is 3 : 1.It may mimic acute appendicitis, so in cases where one is going for surgery for appendicitis , must search for meckel's diverticulum........
Seeing blood in your urine can cause anxiety. While in many instances there are benign causes, blood in urine (hematuria) can also indicate a serious disorder. Blood that you can see is called gross hematuria. Urinary blood that's visible only under a microscope is known as microscopic hematuria and is found when your doctor tests your urine. Either way, it's important to determine the reason for the bleeding. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
A parasitic twin (also known as an asymmetrical or unequal conjoined twin) is the result of the processes that produce vanishing twins and conjoined twins, and may represent a continuum between the two. Parasitic twins occur when a twin embryo begins developing in utero, but the pair does not fully separate, and one embryo maintains dominant development at the expense of the other. Unlike conjoined twins, one ceases development during gestation and is vestigial to a mostly fully-formed, otherwise healthy individual twin. The undeveloped twin is defined as parasitic, rather than conjoined, because it is incompletely formed or wholly dependent on the body functions of the complete fetus. The independent twin is called the autosite.