Hemophilia A, also called factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency or classic hemophilia, is a genetic disorder caused by missing or defective factor VIII, a clotting protein. Although it is passed down from parents to children, about 1/3 of cases are caused by a spontaneous mutation, a change in a gene. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, hemophilia occurs in approximately 1 in 5,000 live births. There are about 20,000 people with hemophilia in the US. All races and ethnic groups are affected. Hemophilia A is four times as common as hemophilia B while more than half of patients with hemophilia A have the severe form of hemophilia.

Laser- Removal of Salivary Stone

Elbow. In primates, including humans, the elbow joint is the synovial hinge joint between the humerus in the upper arm and the radius and ulna in the forearm which allows the hand to be moved towards and away from the body.

The hepatic portal system is the system of veins comprising the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries. It is responsible for directing blood from the region of the gastrointestinal tract between the esophagus and rectum and also includes venous drainage from the supplementary organs such as the spleen and pancreas.

Cataract Surgery Eye Video

Cardioversion is a medical procedure by which an abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia) or cardiac arrhythmia is converted to a normal rhythm using electricity or drugs. Synchronized electrical cardioversion uses a therapeutic dose of electric current to the heart at a specific moment in the cardiac cycle.

Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis is a condition in which the outer part of the elbow becomes sore and tender. The forearm muscles and tendons become damaged from overuse — repeating the same strenuous motions again and again.

To treat your tinnitus, your doctor will first try to identify any underlying, treatable condition that may be associated with your symptoms. If tinnitus is due to a health condition, your doctor may be able to take steps that could reduce the noise. Examples include: Earwax removal.

Inner Workings tells the story of the ceaseless pull of the human heart — even as it works against the very stoic realism of the brain.

Exercises. Light exercises in which you move your affected limb may encourage lymph fluid drainage and help prepare you for everyday tasks, such as carrying groceries. ...

Low potassium (hypokalemia) refers to a lower than normal potassium level in your bloodstream. Potassium is a chemical (electrolyte) that is critical to the proper functioning of nerve and muscles cells, particularly heart muscle cells. Normally, your blood potassium level is 3.6 to 5.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). A very low potassium level (less than 2.5 mmol/L) can be life-threatening and requires urgent medical attention.

This video: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have enlarged ovaries that contain small collections of fluid — called follicles — located in each ovary as seen during an ultrasound exam. Infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods, excess hair growth, acne, and obesity can all occur in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. In adolescents, infrequent or absent menstruation may raise suspicion for the condition. The exact cause of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown. Early diagnosis and treatment along with weight loss may reduce the risk of long-term complications, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

Dental Abscess 3D Animation

Histology of Vas Deferens

Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the brain and spinal cord. Early MS symptoms include weakness, tingling, numbness, and blurred vision. Other signs are muscle stiffness, thinking problems, and urinary problems. Treatment can relieve MS symptoms and delay disease progression.

Surgeons at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia were the first to perform a bilateral hand transplant on a child. Our research and work in this groundbreaking field of medicine led us to establish the Hand Transplantation Program. Combining the expertise of the Penn Transplant Institute and the Hospital’s Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Division of Orthopedics, the program aims to improve quality of life for children who may benefit from this procedure. This is Zion, one year after the surgery

Recent studies show that administration of PEA in glaucoma patients has a double effect, decrease the IOP and neuroprotection. The IOP is the major risk factor in glaucoma, constricts blood vessels and reduces the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the retina and optic nerve (ON), causing a process of ischemia and cell death (apoptosis).
New research points out palmitoylethanolamide has a dual action in glaucoma:

1. It reduces high eye pressure by promoting fluid flow out of the eye, and

2. PEA protects nerve cells and retina cells via its neuroprotective and reparative properties.

In the Youtube the essence of the natural treatment of glaucoma with palmitoylethanolamide has been summarized. Daily dose: 2-3 times 400 mg palmitoylethanolamide. Literature on this topic on http://palmitoylethanolamide4pain.com/2015/02/20/youtube-on-palmitoylethanolamide-as-a-natural-treatment-for-glaucoma/

Fremale to male gender reassignment surgery

Binding and Fusion: HIV begins its life cycle
when it binds to a CD4 receptor and one of two
co-receptors on the surface of a CD4+
Tlymphocyte. The virus then fuses with the host
cell. After fusion, the virus releases RNA, its
genetic material, into the host cell.

Reverse Transcription: An HIV enzyme
called reverse transcriptase converts the singlestranded HIV RNA to double-stranded HIV DNA.

Integration: The newly formed HIV DNA
enters the host cell's nucleus, where an HIV
enzyme called integrase "hides" the HIV DNA
within the host cell's own DNA. The integrated
HIV DNA is called provirus. The provirus may
remain inactive for several years, producing few or
no new copies of HIV

Transcription: When the host cell receives a
signal to become active, the provirus uses a host
enzyme called RNA polymerase to create copies of
the HIV genomic material, as well as shorter
strands of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA).
The mRNA is used as a blueprint to make long
chains of HIV proteins.

Assembly: An HIV enzyme called protease cuts
the long chains of HIV proteins into smaller
individual proteins. As the smaller HIV proteins
come together with copies of HIV's RNA genetic
material, a new virus particle is assembled.

Budding: The newly assembled virus pushes out
("buds") from the host cell. During budding, the new
virus steals part of the cell's outer envelope. This
envelope, which acts as a covering, is studded with
protein/sugar combinations called HIV
glycoproteins. These HIV glycoproteins are
necessary for the virus to bind CD4 and coreceptors. The new copies of HIV can now move
on to infect other cells.

By 5 weeks' gestational age, the wolffian (ie, mesonephric) and the müllerian (ie, paramesonephric) ducts have formed from intermediate mesoderm. In the absence of testosterone and müllerian inhibitory substance, the mesonephric ducts regress and the paramesonephric ducts continue to form the female reproductive structures with fusion of the distal portions of the paramesonephric ducts to give rise to the uterine fundus, the cervix, and the upper vagina. These developmental changes are genetically controlled in large part by a series of complex transcriptional signaling pathways including Wnt signaling, Hox genes, and many others. In a female fetus, the wolffian duct disappears except for nonfunctional vestiges. The müllerian duct is lined by a columnar epithelium. This includes the entire cervix and upper vagina to the vaginal plate (ie, sinovaginal bulb). Through a process of squamous metaplasia, the vagina and a variable portion of the ectocervix become covered with squamous epithelium. This process is complete by the fifth month of pregnancy.