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There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens – A and B – on the surface of red blood cells: Group A – has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma) Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma) Group AB – has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma) Group O – has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma)
Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque. It’s also called arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of your body. As you get older, fat and cholesterol can collect in your arteries and form plaque. The buildup of plaque makes it difficult for blood to flow through your arteries. This buildup may occur in any artery in your body and can result in a shortage of blood and oxygen in various tissues of your body. Pieces of plaque can also break off, causing a blood clot. Atherosclerosis can lead to heart attack, stroke, or heart failure if left untreated.
Debridement is the removal of necrotic tissue, foreign debris, bacterial growth, callus, wound edge, and wound bed tissue from chronic wounds in order to stimulate the wound healing process. Stimulation of wound healing mediated by debridement is thought to occur by the conversion of a chronic non-healing wound environment to an acute healing environment through the removal of cells that are not responsive to endogenous healing stimuli. Debridement is used commonly in standard wound treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Methods of debridement include surgery (sharp debridement), chemical debridement (antiseptics, polysaccharide beads, pastes), autolytic (hydrogels, hydrocolloids and transparent films), biosurgery (maggots), mechanical (hydrodebridement), and biochemical debridement (enzyme preparations). Callus is a buildup of keratinized skin formed under conditions of repeated pressure or friction and may contribute to ulcer formation by creating focal areas of high plantar pressure. The debridement of callus has been proposed to be relevant for both treatment and prevention of DFU. The purpose of this report is to retrieve and review existing evidence of comparative clinical effectiveness of different methods of debridement for the treatment of DFUs. Additionally examined in this report is the clinical effectiveness for treatment and prevention of DFU using callus debridement. Cost-effectiveness, and existing debridement guidelines for the treatment of DFUs will also be reviewed.
A bulla is a fluid-filled sac or lesion that appears when fluid is trapped under a thin layer of your skin. It’s a type of blister. Bullae (pronounced as “bully”) is the plural word for bulla. To be classified as a bulla, the blister must be larger than 0.5 centimeters (5 millimeters) in diameter. Smaller blisters are called vesicles.
Ascites, the collection of fluid within the peritoneal space is caused due to a variety of causes including cirrhosis, cardiac causes, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, tubercular peritonitis and pancreatitis, amongst others. Most commonly, the cause of ascots may be cirrhosis , which in turn, is most frequently causes by alcohol use, hepatitis C and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. At the heart of the ascitic fluid analysis is the serum albumin ascitic gradient, the differential diagnosis of which has been discussed in detail in this presentation. Both low SAAG and high SAAG ascites have been dealt with in some depth, with a brief overview of the management of these conditions