The protein inside red blood cells (a) that carries oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide to the lungs is hemoglobin (b). Hemoglobin is made up of four symmetrical subunits and four heme groups. Iron associated with the heme binds oxygen.

If it is not removed, tooth decay will begin. The acids in plaque damage the enamel covering your teeth. It also creates holes in the tooth called cavities. Cavities usually do not hurt, unless they grow very large and affect nerves or cause a tooth fracture.

Medical technology continues to advance and help doctors continue to treat patients. From face transplants to LASIK eye surgery watch the video below for 8 medical procedures that are improving lives.

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8 Medical Procedures That Are Improving Lives

Bariatric surgical procedures cause weight loss by restricting the amount of food the stomach can hold, causing malabsorption of nutrients, or by a combination of both gastric restriction and malabsorption. Bariatric procedures also often cause hormonal changes. Most weight loss surgeries today are performed using minimally invasive techniques (laparoscopic surgery). The most common bariatric surgery procedures are gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, adjustable gastric band, and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. Each surgery has its own advantages and disadvantages.

6 987 24 MORE How Does Anesthesia Work? Credit: itsmejust | Shutterstock If you’ve ever had surgery, unless you are super tough, you’ve gone through it with the benefit of anesthetics. But, how do these body-numbing elixirs work? Prior to the invention of anesthesia in the mid-1800s, surgeons had to hack off limbs, sew up wounds and remove mysterious growths with nothing to dull the patient's pain but opium or booze. While these drugs may have numbed the patient, they didn’t always completely block the pain, or erase the memory of it. Since then, doctors have gotten much better at putting us out with drug combinations that ease pain, relax muscles and, in some cases, put us in a deep state of hypnosis that gives us temporary amnesia. Today, there are two primary types of anesthesia drugs: those that knockout the whole body (general) and those that only numb things up locally.

Diabetes is a growing global health concern, as is obesity. Diabetes and obesity are intrinsically linked: obesity increases the risk of diabetes and also contributes to disease progression and cardiovascular disease. Although the benefits of weight loss in the prevention of diabetes and as a critical component of managing the condition are well established, weight reduction remains challenging for individuals with type 2 diabetes due to a host of metabolic and psychological factors. For many patients, lifestyle intervention is not enough to achieve weight loss, and alternative options, such as pharmacotherapy, need to be considered. However, many traditional glucose-lowering medications may lead to weight gain. This article focuses on the potential of currently available pharmacological strategies and on emerging approaches in development to support the glycemic and weight-loss goals of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Two pharmacotherapy types are considered: those developed primarily for blood glucose control that have a favorable effect on body weight and those developed primarily to induce weight loss that have a favorable effect on blood glucose control. Finally, the potential of combination therapies for the management of obese patients with type 2 diabetes is discussed.

Cameron Underwood Face Transplant Surgical Animation 2018 Eduardo D. Rodriguez, MD, DDS, chair of the Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, and the Helen L. Kimmel Professor of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, details the recent face transplant he performed on Cameron Underwood in January 2018 at NYU Langone Health.

MRI Shows Twins Fighting in the Womb

A pneumothorax is usually caused by an injury to the chest, such as a broken rib or puncture wound. It may also occur suddenly without an injury. A pneumothorax can result from damage to the lungs caused by conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, cystic fibrosis, and pneumonia.

Although the Apgar score was developed in 1952 by an anesthesiologist named Virginia Apgar, you also might hear it referred to as an acronym for: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. The Apgar test is usually given to a baby twice: once at 1 minute after birth, and again at 5 minutes after birth.

an incision made on the back of the lower leg starting just above the heel bone. After the surgeon finds the two ends of the ruptured tendon, these ends are sewn together with sutures. The incision is then closed. Another repair method makes a small incision on the back of the lower leg at the site of the rupture.

ENDOSCOPIC (NON-SURGICAL) REMOVAL OF MULTIPLE LARGE TUMORS FROM STOMACH IN A PATIENT WITH PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME
PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a familial syndrome consisting of mucocutaneous pigmentation, gastrointestinal polyposis and cancers of gut & other sites like breast, ovary, and testes. PJS has an autosomal dominant inheritance with variable and incomplete penetrance. Germline mutations of STK11/LKB1 gene on 19p cause this syndrome. Mucocutaneous pigmentation may be noted in early infancy. These deposits of melanin are most commonly found around the mouth, nose, lips, buccal mucosa, hands, and feet, and may also be present in perianal and genital areas. PJS polyps may be found in stomach, small intestine, or colon, but they tend to be prominent in the small intestine. These polyps may increase in size and cause small intestinal obstruction or intussusceptions that may occur in early infancy. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding and chronic faecal blood may complicate the disease.
PATIENT: The patient was a 25 yr male who had mucocutaneous pigmentation and multiple polyps in the stomach and duodenum. He presented with bleeding from gastric polyps. As the polyps in stomach were numerous, (more than 20 in number) and were large in size (some equal to small egg size), he had been advised to undergo surgery. Surgery planned was total gastrectomy.
PROCEDURE: The patient underwent video-endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. All polyps were examined for size and presence or absence of stalk. A plan to remove all the gastric polyps at endoscopy was made in the same sitting. He received light conscious sedation. Flat polyps were raised form the gastric wall by injection of saline in to polyp base to let these lesions have a stalk. This was done by needle injector. Each polyp was engaged in a snare and the polyp stalk was cut by coagulation cutting current. The cuts were clean without any bleeding. All polyps were recovered for histology. The histology revealed all polyps to be hamartomous lesions. None of the polyps were cancerous. Patient has been followed up for over one year and is doing fine without any further bleeding or pain.
Video shows the procedure of videoendoscpy and endoscopic removal of polyps.

Dealing with choking

Registered Nurse Ken describes what a real "sore throat"

Angina results from a reduction in the oxygen supply/demand ratio. Therefore, in order to alleviate the pain, it is necessary to improve this ratio. This can be done either by increasing blood flow (which increases oxygen delivery or supply), or by decreasing oxygen demand (i.e., by decreasing myocardial oxygen consumption).

Anatomy of The Brain

mammoplasty, is a surgical enhancement procedure to accentuate the size and shape of a woman’s breasts. While breast augmentation will make the breasts larger, the surgery will not move the breasts closer together or lift sagging breasts. Breast augmentation is tremendous help to patients who desire a fuller profile, who have lost breast volume due to pregnancy or nursing, or who have undergone breast reconstruction and want to gain a more natural look again.

Ten percent of all pregnancies are complicated by hypertension. Eclampsia and preeclampsia account for about half of these cases worldwide, and these conditions have been recognized and described for years despite the general lack of understanding of the disease. [1] In the fifth century, Hippocrates noted that headaches, convulsions, and drowsiness were ominous signs associated with pregnancy. In 1619, Varandaeus coined the term eclampsia in a treatise on gynecology. [2, 3]

You get motion sickness when one part of your balance-sensing system (your inner ear , eyes, and sensory nerves) senses that your body is moving, but the other parts don't. For example, if you are in the cabin of a moving ship, your inner ear may sense the motion of waves, but your eyes don't see any movement.