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Things nurses should know about their patients. As a new nurse, it can be hard trying to determine what information you need to know during your shift. In addition, nurses can get extremely busy and strapped for time, so how do you keep up with all of the things you need to know?
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In this video, Nurse Sarah explains some of the most important things nurses need to know about their patients. However, these things can vary depending on your specialty and patient population. These tips are designed to help new nurses begin to think like a nurse.
Some examples of thing nurses should know about their patients include their allergies, code status, diagnosis, medications, vital signs, and much more.
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Optimal blood pressure typically is defined as 120 mm Hg systolic — which is the pressure as your heart beats — over 80 mm Hg diastolic — which is the pressure as your heart relaxes. For your resting heart rate, the target is between 60 and 100 beats per minute (bpm)
The complex circuitry interconnecting different areas in the brain, known collectively as white matter, is composed of millions of axons organized into fascicles and bundles. Upon macroscopic examination of sections of the brain, it is difficult to discern the orientation of the fibers. The same is true for conventional imaging modalities. However, recent advancements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) make such task possible in a live subject. By sensitizing an otherwise typical MRI sequence to the diffusion of water molecules it is possible to measure their diffusion coefficient in a given direction1. Normally, the axonal membrane and myelin sheaths pose barriers to the movement of water molecules and, thus, they diffuse preferentially along the axon2. Therefore, the direction of white matter bundles can be elucidated by determining the principal diffusivity of water. The three-dimensional representation of the diffusion coefficient can be given by a tensor and its mathematical decomposition provides the direction of the tracts3; this MRI technique is known as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). By connecting the information acquired with DTI, three-dimensional depictions of white matter fascicles are obtained4. The virtual dissection of white matter bundles is rapidly becoming a valuable tool in clinical research.
Our journey begins with a transverse section of tightly packed axons as seen through light microscopy. Although represented as a two-dimensional "slice", we see that these axons in fact resemble tubes. A simulation of water molecules diffusing randomly inside the axons demonstrates how the membranes and myelin hinder their movement across them and shows the preferred diffusion direction --along the axons. The tracts depicted through DTI slowly blend in and we ride along with them. As we zoom out even more, we realize that it is a portion of the corpus callosum connecting the two sides of the brain we were traveling on and the great difference in relative scale of the individual axons becomes evident. The surface of the brain is then shown, as well as the rest of the white matter bundles--a big, apparently chaotic tangle of wires. Finally, the skin covers the brain.
With the exception of the simulated water molecules, all the data presented in the animation is obtained through microscopy and MRI. Computer algorithms for the extraction of the cerebral structures and a custom-built graphics engine make our journey through the brain's anatomy possible in a living person.
Micrograph courtesy of Dr. Christian Beaulieu, University of Alberta.
Music by Mario Mattioli.
References:
1. Stejskal, E.O., et al., J. Chem. Phys., 1965. 42:
2. Beaulieu, C., NMR Biomed., 2002. 15:435-55.
3. Basser, P.J., et al., J. Magn. Reson. B, 1994. 103:247-54.
4. Mori, S., et al., NMR Biomed., 2002. 15:468-80.
Liver Metastasis Resection. A Technique That Makes It Easier. Authors: de Santibañes E, Sánchez Clariá R, Palavecino M, Beskow A, Pekolj J. Background: Liver resection is the only therapeutic option that achieves long-term survival for patients with hepatic metastases. We propose a tech...nique that causes traction and counter traction on the resection area, thus easily exposing the structures to be ligated. Since the parenchyma protrudes like a cork from a bottle we named this procedure “Corkscrew Technique”. Objective: To describe an original surgical technique to resect liver metastases. Technique: We delimite the resection area at 2 cm from the tumor. We place separated stitches, in a radiate way. The needle diameter must allow passing far from the deepest margin of the tumor. The stitches must be tractioned all together to separate the tumor from the normal parenchyma. Material and Methods: Between years 1983 and 2006, we perform 1270 liver resection. We used the corkscrew technique like only procedure in 612 patients whereas in 129 patients we associated it to an anatomic resection. Results: Mortality was 1%. Morbidity was 16% with a reoperation rate of 3%. Conclusions: The Corkscrew Technique is simple and safe, it spares surgical time, avoids blood loss, ensures free tumor margins and it is easy to perform.
Next to esophagojejunostomy stapling for the reconstruction following total gastrectomy, several silk stitches anchoring the jejunum to endoabdominal fascia are made to restore the function of phrenoesophageal ligament.
anchoring suture reduces the impairment of the anastomotic blood flow that is caused by gravitational tension and so is useful to protect the esophagojejunostomy after total gastrectomy.
A closure device and method to close the abdomen between surgical procedures and maintain a normal physiologic tension on the fascia to prevent undue retraction. In one embodiment, the closure device includes a “needled carabiner” attached to a rubberband of specific tension. The rubberband mimics the physiologic tension the abdominal wall normally experiences during daily activities and allows the abdominal compartment to expand as needed to maintain a healthy intra-abdominal pressure. The bands contract to maintain the intra-abdominal pressure and slowly pull the abdominal fascia back to the midline to facilitate surgical closure of the abdomen. In one embodiment, the “needled carabiner” includes a hinged surgical needle with a protected cap. The hinged needle is placed outside the normal suture line, thereby limiting the amount of surgical trauma the fascia endures. The strength of the rubberbands may be varied to accommodate differently sized individuals.