A pneumothorax occurs when some of the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in a baby's lung become overinflated and burst. This causes air to leak into the space between the lung and chest wall (pleural space). The most common cause of pneumothorax is respiratory distress syndrome. This is a condition that occurs in babies who are born too early (premature). The baby's lungs lack the slippery substance (surfactant) that helps them stay open. Therefore, the tiny air sacs are not able to expand as easily. If the baby is put on a breathing machine (mechanical ventilator), there is extra pressure on the baby's lungs, which can sometimes burst the air sacs.

A breech birth is the birth of a baby from a breech presentation. In the breech presentation the baby enters the birth canal with the buttocks or feet first as opposed to the normal head first presentation.

There are either three or four main categories of breech births, depending upon the source:

* Frank breech - the baby's bottom comes first, and his or her legs are flexed at the hip and extended at the knees (with feet near the ears). 65-70% of breech babies are in the frank breech position.

* Complete breech - the baby's hips and knees are flexed so that the baby is sitting crosslegged, with feet beside the bottom.

* Footling breech - one or both feet come first, with the bottom at a higher position. This is rare at term but relatively common with premature fetuses.

* Kneeling breech - the baby is in a kneeling position, with one or both legs extended at the hips and flexed at the knees. This is extremely rare, and is excluded from many classifications.

As in labour with a baby in a normal head-down position, uterine contractions typically occur at regular intervals and gradually cause the cervix to become thinner and to open. In the more common breech presentations, the baby’s bottom (rather than feet or knees) is what is first to descend through the maternal pelvis and emerge from the vagina.

At the beginning of labour, the baby is generally in an oblique position, facing either the right or left side of the mother's back. As the baby's bottom is the same size in the term baby as the baby's head. Descent is thus as for the presenting fetal head and delay in descent is a cardinal sign of possible problems with the delivery of the head.

In order to begin the birth, internal rotation needs to occur. This happens when the mother's pelvic floor muscles cause the baby to turn so that it can be born with one hip directly in front of the other. At this point the baby is facing one of the mother's inner thighs. Then, the shoulders follow the same path as the hips did. At this time the baby usually turns to face the mother's back. Next occurs external rotation, which is when the shoulders emerge as the baby’s head enters the maternal pelvis. The combination of maternal muscle tone and uterine contractions cause the baby’s head to flex, chin to chest. Then the back of the baby's head emerges and finally the face.

Due to the increased pressure during labour and birth, it is normal for the baby's leading hip to be bruised and genitalia to be swollen. Babies who assumed the frank breech position in utero may continue to hold their legs in this position for some days after birth.

Loyola Full Male Exam Part 4 A video from Loyola medical school, Chicago showing the full examination of the male

Watch that video of people who Survived Deadly Snake Bites

ACTUAL CATHETERIZATION A clinical view of insertion into the male urethra. A 14 french coude cath was used.

Possible complications could include: Difficulty healing. Infection. Stump pain (severe pain in the remaining tissue) Phantom limb pain (a painful sensation that the foot or toe is still there) Continued spread of gangrene, requiring amputation of more areas of your foot, toes or leg. Bleeding. Nerve damage.

Watch that video to know What is Vaginal Discharge and How To Get Rid of It

The 12-lead ECG is a vital tool for EMT’s and paramedics in both the prehospital and hospital setting. It is extremely important to know the exact placement of each electrode on the patient. Incorrect placement can lead to a false diagnosis of infarction or negative changes on the ECG.

A very simplified method giving information about cystic fibrosis

COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. Progressive means the disease gets worse over time. COPD can cause coughing that produces large amounts of a slimy substance called mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and other symptoms. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. However, up to 25 percent of people with COPD never smoked. Long-term exposure to other lung irritants—such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dusts—also may contribute to COPD. A rare genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency can also cause the disease.

Classification of epithelium, discussion on lining epithelium of 3 major system (GIT, Urogenital and Respiratory system

plastic surgeon demonstrates the results of a muscle separation(rectus diastasis) repair using 3 dimesional CAT scan and photographic images

This 3D animation of brain surgery, shows how a ventriculostomy is performed, which is a neurosurgical procedure of creating a hole within a cerebral ventricle for drainage. It is most commonly performed on those with hydrocephalus, an abnormal buildup of fluid in the ventricles (cavities) deep within the brain. It's done by surgically penetrating the skull, dura mater, and brain such that the ventricular system ventricle of the brain is accessed.

When catheter drainage is temporary, it is commonly referred to as an external ventricular drain (EVD). When catheter drainage is permanent, it is usually referred to as a shunt.

There are many catheter-based ventricular shunts that are named for where they terminate, for example, a ventriculi-peritoneal shunt terminates in the peritoneal cavity, a ventriculoarterial shunt terminates within the atrium of the heart, etc. The most common entry point on the skull is called Kocher's point. An EVD ventriculostomy is done primarily to monitor the intracranial pressure as well as to drain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), primarily, or blood to relieve pressure from the central nervous system (CNS).

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Watch additional medical animations:

Craniectomy brain surgery - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/1RkseDeYS9g

Accessing an implantable port training - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/xSTpxjyv4O4

Open Suctioning with a Tracheostomy Tube - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/wamB7jpWCiQ

Suctioning the endotracheal tube - medical animation: https://youtu.be/pN6-EYoeh3g

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/qKTRyowwaLA

How to insert a nasogastric tube for NG intubation - 3d animation: https://youtu.be/Abf3Gd6AaZQ

Oral airway insertion - oropharyngeal airway technique - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/caxUdNwjt34

Nasotracheal suctioning (NTS) - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/979jWMsF62c

Learn about hemorrhoids with #3d #animation: https://youtu.be/R6NqlMpsiiY

LASIK eye surgery - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/Bb8bnjnEM00

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NeoGraft hair transplant procedure – animation: https://youtu.be/C-eTdH2UPXI

In order to be able to look at tissues under a microscope, we need to first stain them with the right technique. Learn the main staining techniques used in histology today on our full video: https://khub.me/aux9w

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As you probably know, histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues. So we use staining methods to visualize and distinguish the different parts of cells and tissues since cells and their structures are usually transparent or colorless. The types of dyes used to color cells and their components can either be specific to particular structures, chemical groups or even molecules, and it can also be non-specific in which case most of the cell is stained in the same way.

When staining tissue samples, dyes that are used are either acidic or basic or a combination of the two. And why is that, you might be asking. Well, cellular structures such as nucleic acids or proteins have charged groups which are known as phosphate groups or carboxyl groups, just to name a couple. The dyes used in histology are colored organic compounds which also have a charge. Acidic dyes carry a negative charge and so they bind to positively-charged cell structures.

In the full version of this tutorial, we will cover some of the most common types of dyes used in histological staining of cells and their structures:
- basic dyes vs acidic dyes vs neutral dyes;
- hematoxylin and eosin;
- PAS - staining;
- Golgi method;
- Toluidine blue;
- Masson's trichrome;
- Osmium tetroxide;

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Want to test your knowledge on the different types of cells and tissues? Take this quiz: https://khub.me/3g19f

Read more on how to interpret different histological sections on this complete article which goes through the different stains used in histology https://khub.me/saimh

For more engaging video tutorials, interactive quizzes, articles and an atlas of Human anatomy and histology, go to https://khub.me/pkvz2

What factors should I consider when deciding whether to have surgery? The following factors should be considered when deciding whether to have surgery: Your age—If you have surgery at a young age, there is a chance that prolapse will recur and may possibly require additional treatment. If you have surgery at an older age, general health issues and any prior surgery may affect the type of surgery that you have. Your childbearing plans—Ideally, women who plan to have children (or more children) should postpone surgery until their families are complete to avoid the risk of prolapse happening again after corrective surgery. Health conditions—Any surgical procedure carries some risk, such as infection, bleeding, blood clots in the legs, and problems related to anesthesia. Surgery may carry more risks if you have a medical condition, such as diabetes, heart disease, or breathing problems, or if you smoke or are obese. New problems—Surgery also may cause new problems, such as pain during sex, pelvic pain, or urinary incontinence.

This condition is seen in imperforate hymen or transverse vaginal septum. Pt presents with primary amenorrhea. Dr Hemant Damle Prof Dept of OBGYN SKNMC Pune India

A Pfannenstiel incision /ˈfɑːnᵻnʃtiːl/ is a type of abdominal surgical incision that allows access to the abdomen. It is used for gynecologic and orthopedics surgeries, and it is the most common method for performing Caesarian sections today.

A baby born with her heart pumping outside her body has stunned her parents and doctors in India.

If you need heart bypass surgery, the procedure is pretty similar. A surgeon takes blood vessels from another part of your body to go around, or bypass, a blocked artery. The result is that more blood and oxygen can flow to your heart again. ... Bypass surgery is also known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).Dec 12, 2015

Anatomy of Love