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Shoulder Clinical Examination - Medical School Clinical Skills - Dr Gill

Personally, I find the shoulder examination the most complex examination possibly as there are so many variations and special tests. Some of which overlap and some will relate specifically to a patients presentation.

Often in a medical school syllabus, only select special tests will be used. In this shoulder exam demonstration, we include the Hawkins-Kennedy Test looking for impingement. This is dovetailed with examination for bicipital tendonitis as this is another possible cause of impingement type symptoms.

This shoulder upper limb exam follows the standard "Look, Feel, Move" orthopaedic exam approach, and overall order as set out in MacLeods Clinical Examination

Watch further orthopaedic examinations for your OSCE revision:

The Spine Examination:
https://youtu.be/pJxMHa6SCgU

Knee Examination
https://youtu.be/oyKH4EYfJDM

Hip Joint Clinical Examination
https://youtu.be/JC9GKq5nSdQ
________

Please note that there is no ABSOLUTE way to perform a clinical examination. Different institutions and even clinicians will have differing degrees of variations - the aim is the effectively identify medically relevant signs.

However during OSCE assessments. Different medical schools, nursing colleges, and other health professional courses will have their own preferred approach to a clinical assessment - you should concentrate on THEIR marks schemes for your assessments.

The examination demonstrated here is derived from Macleods Clinical Examination - a recognized standard textbook for clinical skills.


#ShoulderExamination #ClinicalSkills #DrGill

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With ECT, electrodes are placed on the patient's scalp and a finely controlled electric current is applied while the patient is under general anesthesia. The current causes a brief seizure in the brain. ECT is one of the fastest ways to relieve symptoms in severely depressed or suicidal patients.

Peripheral arterial disease (P.A.D.) occurs when plaque (plak) builds up in the arteries that carry blood to your head, organs, and limbs. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, fibrous tissue, and other substances in the blood. When plaque builds up in arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis). Over time, plaque can harden and narrow the arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your organs and other parts of your body. P.A.D. usually affects the legs, but also can affect the arteries that carry blood from your heart to your head, arms, kidneys, and stomach. This article focuses on P.A.D. that affects blood flow to the legs.

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A breech birth is the birth of a baby from a breech presentation. In the breech presentation the baby enters the birth canal with the buttocks or feet first as opposed to the normal head first presentation.

There are either three or four main categories of breech births, depending upon the source:

* Frank breech - the baby's bottom comes first, and his or her legs are flexed at the hip and extended at the knees (with feet near the ears). 65-70% of breech babies are in the frank breech position.

* Complete breech - the baby's hips and knees are flexed so that the baby is sitting crosslegged, with feet beside the bottom.

* Footling breech - one or both feet come first, with the bottom at a higher position. This is rare at term but relatively common with premature fetuses.

* Kneeling breech - the baby is in a kneeling position, with one or both legs extended at the hips and flexed at the knees. This is extremely rare, and is excluded from many classifications.

As in labour with a baby in a normal head-down position, uterine contractions typically occur at regular intervals and gradually cause the cervix to become thinner and to open. In the more common breech presentations, the baby’s bottom (rather than feet or knees) is what is first to descend through the maternal pelvis and emerge from the vagina.

At the beginning of labour, the baby is generally in an oblique position, facing either the right or left side of the mother's back. As the baby's bottom is the same size in the term baby as the baby's head. Descent is thus as for the presenting fetal head and delay in descent is a cardinal sign of possible problems with the delivery of the head.

In order to begin the birth, internal rotation needs to occur. This happens when the mother's pelvic floor muscles cause the baby to turn so that it can be born with one hip directly in front of the other. At this point the baby is facing one of the mother's inner thighs. Then, the shoulders follow the same path as the hips did. At this time the baby usually turns to face the mother's back. Next occurs external rotation, which is when the shoulders emerge as the baby’s head enters the maternal pelvis. The combination of maternal muscle tone and uterine contractions cause the baby’s head to flex, chin to chest. Then the back of the baby's head emerges and finally the face.

Due to the increased pressure during labour and birth, it is normal for the baby's leading hip to be bruised and genitalia to be swollen. Babies who assumed the frank breech position in utero may continue to hold their legs in this position for some days after birth.

Watch that Human Brain Removal During Autopsy

Lower Limb Physical Examination

Understanding the process of getting braces

Dr. Katherine Scovner from the Division of Nephrology at Massachusetts General Hospital discusses kidney dialysis.

After miles and miles of use, a runner's legs take a beating. Running coach, John Henwood, explains the proper way to train so that runners can avoid painful knees.

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Elbow Exam - Orthopaedic OSCE - Clinical Skills - Dr Gill

The elbow examination is a core skill - in this video, we demonstrate how to perform an elbow EXAM for an Orthopaedic Clinical Skills OSCE, which should be one of the more accessible examination stations for medical students.

For a passing grade in your Clinical Skills OSCE, an elbow assessment should follow the LOOK, FEEL, MOVE approach

Initially looking for erythema, scars, swelling and position

Palpating the elbow - specifically the olecranon, medial and lateral epicondyles, and radial head for heat, oedema and crepitus

Finally assess range of movement with flexion and extension at the elbow, before determining for tennis and golfers' elbows

Watch further orthopaedic examinations for your OSCE revision:

The Elbow - Deep Dive
https://youtu.be/SX5buhtCVDw

The Spine Examination:
https://youtu.be/pJxMHa6SCgU

The Knee examination
https://youtu.be/oyKH4EYfJDM

The Hip examination
https://youtu.be/JC9GKq5nSdQ

The GALS examination
https://youtu.be/5qJaf7gW-B0 - Gait, Arms, Legs, Spine - GALS screen

------------

Please note that there is no ABSOLUTE way to perform a clinical examination. Different institutions and even clinicians will have differing degrees of variations - the aim is the effectively identify medically relevant signs.

However during OSCE assessments. Different medical schools, nursing colleges and other health professional courses will have their own preferred approach to a clinical assessment - you should concentrate on THEIR marks schemes for your assessments.

The examination demonstrated here is derived from Macleods Clinical Examination - a recognised standard textbook for clinical skills.

Some people viewing this medical examination video may experience an ASMR effect

#clinicalskills #Elbow #DrGill

-Tibial stress fractures are common in athletes and nonathletes who suddenly increase their physical activity. Clinical features include pain, localized tenderness, and swelling. Plain x-ray is <50% sensitive for stress fractures, especially in the first 2-3 weeks after the onset of symptoms. MRI is preferred over bone scan or ultrasound as it can show the fracture line that extends through the cortex into the medullary line. MRI can also identify ligament, muscle, and cartilage injuries. However, MRI findings may be persistently abnormal for up to 1 year after the stress fracture has healed.

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This video “Respiratory Histology” is part of the Lecturio course “Histology” ► WATCH the complete course on http://lectur.io/respiratoryhistology

► LEARN ABOUT:
- The cellular components of epithelium
- Structure and function of the conchae
- The cellular components of olfactory epithelium
- Components of the true vocal cord
- Function of the epiglottis
- The difference between bronchus, bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole
- Alveolar duct and Alveolar sac
- Components that make up the interalveolar septum
- Type I and Type II of alveolar cells, macrophages and endothelium
- Two separate blood supplies to the lungs and their functions
- Summary of the functions and the system of the respiratory system

► THE PROF: Your lecturer is Professor Geoff Meyer. He is currently teaching at the School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology at the University of Western Australia (UWA). As a leading anatomy and histology expert he is also coordinating the Federative International Program for Anatomical Terminologies (FIPAT) of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). Besides medical research on the ovarian function, steroidogenesis, corpus luteum, angiogenesis, and microcirculation, Geoff Meyer’s research activities also focus on developing innovative, computer-aided learning and teaching tools. For his inventiveness, Geoff Meyer has received a number of awards, including the Australian University Teaching Award.

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0:00 Introduction
2:00 Respiratory system Summary of structure and function
3:32 Conducting portion
7:49 The Nasal cavities
11:27 The nasal cavity
13:06 Respiratory mucosa
15:26 Olfactory mucosa
17:13 Olfactory receptor
21:16 The larynx (and the epiglottis)
25:44 The trachea
29:16 The bronchi
31:35 Bronchiole
38:50 Alveolus
40:45 Air blood barrier
43:36 Alveolar macrophages
45:35 Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the pulmonary lobule

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An inguinal hernia occurs when tissue, such as part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles. The resulting bulge can be painful, especially when you cough, bend over or lift a heavy object. However, many hernias do not cause pain.

An inguinal hernia isn't necessarily dangerous. It doesn't improve on its own, however, and can lead to life-threatening complications. Your doctor is likely to recommend surgery to fix an inguinal hernia that's painful or enlarging. Inguinal hernia repair is a common surgical procedure.