Mastectomy is surgery to remove all breast tissue from a breast as a way to treat or prevent breast cancer. For those with early-stage breast cancer, mastectomy may be one treatment option. Breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), in which only the tumor is removed from the breast, may be another option.

Surgical Repair of Pectus Excavatum. Pectus excavatum is a condition in which a person's breastbone is sunken into his or her chest.

Here we’ll explain the symptoms of pancreatitis, how alcohol causes the condition and the other health problems it can lead to. You probably don’t pay much attention to your pancreas. But that small, tadpole-shaped organ behind your stomach and below your ribcage is pretty important. It produces two essential substances: digestive juices which your intestines use to break down food, and hormones that are involved in digestion, such as insulin, which regulates your blood sugar levels. Pancreatitis is when your pancreas becomes inflamed and its cells are damaged. Heavy drinking can cause pancreatitis. But if you drink within the government’s low risk unit guidelines, you should avoid upsetting this important organ.

A wisdom tooth or third molar is one of the three molars per quadrant of the human dentition. It is the most posterior of the three. Wisdom teeth generally erupt between the ages of 17

Pediatric orthopedic surgeons at Columbia are using a new device with magnetic technology that avoids the need for multiple spine-lengthening surgeries to correct early-onset scoliosis, a severe curvature of the spine in young children. In April 2014, Michael Vitale, MD, the Ana Lucia Professor of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery at CUMC and 1995 graduate of P&S, performed the first procedure in the New York area, using the device to treat a 5-year-old boy. When braces and casts cannot control scoliosis in young children, surgeons turn to growing rods, which help correct the curve while allowing the spine to grow. When spinal maturity is near, the rods are removed and a spinal fusion can be performed. But during years of treatment with growing rods, patients must undergo surgery every six months to lengthen the rods to keep up with the patients’ growth. A patient may undergo eight to 10 procedures, which are costly and result in lost time for parents at work and children at school. The new device—MAGEC (MAGnetic Expansion Control) rods—contains a mechanism inside the growing rods that allows surgeons to lengthen the rods with a handheld external magnet, without surgery.

Portal hypertension is an increase in the blood pressure within a system of veins called the portal venous system. Veins coming from the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas merge into the portal vein, which then branches into smaller vessels and travels through the liver.

How to approach histology for Human Anatomy students. Using a key will help get you through it! Add some penguin fairy dust will help too!

Please note: I mis-spoke and said "striated" instead of "stratified epithelium" a couple of times... apologies!

There are lots of histology keys out there, but the one I showed in the video is here: http://www.penguinprof.com/upl....oads/8/4/3/1/8431323

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Tissue in the human body:

Epithelial: Is made of cells arranged in a continuous sheet with one or more layers, has apical & basal surfaces.

A basement membrane is the attachment between the basal surface of the cell & the underlying connective tissue.

Two types of epithelial tissues: (1) Covering & lining epithelia and (2) Glandular Epithelium.

The number of cell layers & the shape of the cells in the top layer can classify epithelium.

Simple Epithelium - one cell layer
Stratified epithelium - two or more cell layers
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - When cells of an epithelial tissue are all anchored to the basement Membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface.
Glandular Epithelium -- (1) Endocrine: Release hormones directly into the blood stream and (2) Exocrine - Secrete into ducts.


Connective: contains many different cell types including: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and adipocytes. Connective Tissue Matrix is made of two materials: ground substance - proteins and polysaccharides, fiber -- reticular, collagen and elastic.

Classification of Connective Tissue:
Loose Connective - fibers & many cell types in gelatinous matrix, found in skin, & surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and organs.
Dense Connective - Bundles of parallel collagen fibers& fibroblasts, found in tendons& ligaments.
Cartilage - Cartilage is made of collagen & elastin fibers embedded in a matrix glycoprotein & cells called chondrocytes, which was found in small spaces.
Cartilage has three subtypes:
Hyaline cartilage -- Weakest, most abundant type, Found at end of long bones, & structures like the ear and nose,
Elastic cartilage- maintains shape, branching elastic fibers distinguish it from hyaline and
Fibrous Cartilage - Strongest type, has dense collagen & little matrix, found in pelvis, skull & vertebral discs.


Muscle: is divided into 3 categories, skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
Skeletal Muscle -- voluntary, striated, striations perpendicular to the muscle fibers and it is mainly found attached to bones.
Cardiac Muscle -- involuntary, striated, branched and has intercalated discs
Smooth Muscle -- involuntary, nonstriated, spindle shaped and is found in blood vessels & the GI tract.


Nervous: Consists of only two cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral nervous system (PNS):
Neurons - Cells that convert stimuli into electrical impulses to the brain, and Neuroglia -- supportive cells.
Neurons -- are made up of cell body, axon and dendrites. There are 3 types of neurons:
Motor Neuron -- carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands,
Interneuron - interpret input from sensory neurons and end responses to motor neurons
Sensory Neuron -- receive information from environment and transmit to CNS.
Neuroglia -- is made up of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia in the CNS, and schwann cells and satellite cells in the PNS.

The goal of a decompression surgery is usually to relieve pain caused by nerve root pinching. There are two common causes of lumbar nerve root pressure: from a lumbar herniated disc or lumbar spinal stenosis. This type of pain is usually referred to as a radiculopathy, or sciatica. A decompression surgery involves removing a small portion of the bone over the nerve root and/or disc material from under the nerve root to relieve pinching of the nerve and provide more room for the nerve to heal. The most common types of decompression surgery are microdiscectomy and laminectomy.

Ovarian teratoma is a type of germ cell tumour. Germ cell tumours are cancers that begin in egg cells in women or sperm cells in men. There are 2 main types of ovarian teratoma. Mature teratoma, which is benign. Immature teratoma, which is cancerous.

The future of Medicine - Il futuro della medicina - Die Zukunft der Medizin: High Tech, Robots, VR ⚡️Anatomia Biomeccanica Fisiologia by Ticinosthetics: tutto gira attorno alla palestra ©️2017 - www.ticinostheticsgs.com

Sound waves enter the ear canal and make the ear drum vibrate. This action moves the tiny chain of bones (ossicles – malleus, incus, stapes) in the middle ear. The last bone in this chain 'knocks' on the membrane window of the cochlea and makes the fluid in the cochlea move.

No condom prevents pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) 100% of the time. But if you and your partner are having sex, nothing protects against STDs better than a properly used condom. For those having sex, condoms must always be used to protect against STDs even when using another method of birth control.

In vitro fertilization, or IVF, is the most common and effective type of assisted reproductive technology to help women become pregnant. It involves fertilizing an egg outside the body, in a laboratory dish, and then implanting it in a woman's uterus. By 2016, some 6.5 million babies had been born using in-vitro fertilization (IVF). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 1.6 percent of babies born in the United States each year are conceived through assisted reproductive technology (ART).

Uterine polyps are growths attached to the inner wall of the uterus that extend into the uterine cavity. Overgrowth of cells in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) leads to the formation of uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps. These polyps are usually noncancerous (benign), although some can be cancerous or can eventually turn into cancer (precancerous polyps). Uterine polyps range in size from a few millimeters — no larger than a sesame seed — to several centimeters — golf-ball-size or larger. They attach to the uterine wall by a large base or a thin stalk.

A visual prosthesis, often referred to as a bionic eye, is an experimental visual device intended to restore functional vision in those suffering from partial or total blindness. In 1983 Joao Lobo Antunes, a Portuguese doctor, implanted a bionic eye in a person born blind.

How To Improve Memory Power, How To Improve Concentration And Memory, Foods That Help The Brain---- http://brain-revitalizer.info-pro.co --- Brain Entrainment, For centuries humans have wondered at the connection between specific sound frequencies and the effect it can have on the brain and corresponding moods and emotions. From tribal drums to periodic stimulus tones the human brain taps into dominant external frequencies and when it does the mind can be altered to induce a host of different states including relaxation, sleep, creativity and excitement. The practice of causing brainwave frequencies to match a periodic stimulus to produce an intended state is called brainwave entrainment or brainwave synchronization and it is becoming more popular as life becomes more stressful. The study of sound and light and how it affects the human brain is nothing new. In the 1930's William Grey Walter used EEG equipment and strobe lights to detect the existence of high speed alpha waves and low speed delta waves and how each played a factor in human sleep patterns. In 1973 Gerald Oster published his discovery of binaural beats in Scientific American, a breakthrough article that defined binaural beats as apparent sounds which arise in the brain for specific physical stimuli. Though first discovered in 1839 by Heinrich Wilhelm Dove it wasn't until Oster's research that scientists began to speculate that binaural beats could be used to help induce relaxation, creativity and other desirable mental states. Today brainwave entrainment is gaining rapid popularity with people who feel over-stressed, depressed and unmotivated. With technology growing by leaps and bounds it's not hard to understand how a person can feel overwhelmed by information and sensory overload and instead of taking pills a growing segment of the population is turning to brainwave entrainment to produce a more natural and lasting feeling of relaxation. But YOU can be different! You can use Genius Brain Power to empower your brain so that you come alive with more energy, learn quicker, think more creatively, focus on your work like never before and drastically reduce stress with amazingly deep states of relaxation and meditation. click here: http://brain-revitalizer.info-pro.co

Protopic Vitiligo, Weiße Flecken Am Rücken, Pigmentflecken Im Gesicht Entfernen, Flecken Haut--- http://vitiligo-heilung.info-pro.co --- Weiße Flecken auf der Haut: Vitiligo, Die Entwicklung weißer Flecken auf der Haut ist ist ein Symptom einer Hautstörung, die Vitiligo genannt, im deutschen Sprachgebrauch aber auch häufig als "Weißfleckenkrankheit" bezeichnet wird. Man bringt den Zustand mit der Zerstörung oder Fuktionsstörung der Hautzellen in Verbindung, die für die Herstelleung des Hautpigmentes (Melanin) zuständig sind, welches dem Menschen seine Hautfarbe verleiht. Meistens entwickeln sich die Flecken dabei an Stellen, die oft der Sonne ausgesetzt sind, also z.B. die Hände, Arme, Füße, Beine und das Gesicht. Bisweilen treten die Flecken aber auch in den Achselhöhlen, im Genitalbereich und um den Bauchnabel herum auf. Von Vitiligo betroffene erleben häufig auch ein vorzeitiges Ergrauen der Haare. Es wird geschätzt, dass mindestens 1 % der Bevölkerung der Vereinigten Staaten an Vitiligo leidet; in Europe sind die Zahlen ähnlich. Weltweit leiden gegenwärtig mehr als 100 Millionen Menschen an der Hauterkrankung. Die Ursache von Vitiligo Die genaue Ursache der Erkrankung ist noch immer unbekannt. Eine der populärsten Theorien ist jedoch, dass es sich bei Vitiligo um eine Autoimmunstörung handelt. Sie veranlasst das Immunsystem, die Melanozyten (die Hautpigmente produzierenden Hautzellen) anzugreifen. In der Tat haben Menschen, die an einer anderen Autoimmunstörung, wie adrenocorticaler Unterfunktion or Schilddrüsenüberfunktion leiden, ein weitaus höheres Risiko, auch an Vitiligo zu erkranken. Manche Mediziner sind auch der Auffassung, dass Sonnenbrände, emotionaler Stress und bestimte Medikamente die weißen hautflecken hervorrufen könnten. Es wird außerdem geglaubt, dass Vitiligo is also believed eine genetisch vererbte Erkrankung darstellt. Behandlungsoptionen für Vitiligo Für Vitiligo gibt es unterschiedliche Behandlungsmöglichkeiten. Allerdings sind sie allesamt praktisch wirkungslos und beinhalten dazu noch das Risiko, ernsthafte Nebenwirkungen hervorzurufen. Krankenversicherer übernehmen zudem die vollen Behandlungskosten. Das allein macht eine Vitiligo-Behandlung bereits zu teuer für die meisten Patienten, denn es sind üblichwerweise zwei bis drei Besuche wöchentlich in ener Spezialklinik nötig. Ein Paradebeispiel für eine solche Behandlung ist die sogenannte PUVA-Therapie, die ausgesprochen häufig eingesetzt wird. "Gratis-Präsentation enthüllt einen ziemlich ungewöhnlichen Tipp zur Beseitigung von Vitiligo für alle Zeiten und in nur 45-60 Tagen - Garantiert!" http://vitiligo-heilung.info-pro.co Erfahren Sie mehr darüber, indem Sie diese Webseite besuchen: http://vitiligo-heilung.info-pro.co

Watch that video of People should have gone to the dentist a lot sooner

a disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine.