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Low Thyroid - Could It Be A T3 Problem?
Low Thyroid - Could It Be A T3 Problem? samer kareem 5,792 Views • 2 years ago

NTIS refers to a syndrome found in seriously ill or starving patients with low fT3, usually elevated RT3, normal or low TSH, and if prolonged, low fT4. It is found in a high proportion of patients in the ICU setting, and correlates with a poor prognosis if TT4 is <4ug/dl. The patho-physiology includes suppression of TRH release, reducedT3 and T4 turnover, reduction in liver generation of T3, increased formation of RT3, and tissue specific down-regulation of deiodinases, transporters, and TH receptors. Although long debated, tissue TH levels are definitely reduced, and tissue hypothyroidism is presumably present. This is often not clinically evident because of the brief duration, and reduced but not absent tissue levels of TH. Although recognized for nearly 4 decades, interpretation of the syndrome is contested, because of lack of data. Some observes, totally without data, argue that it is a protective response and should not be treated. Other observers (as in this review) present available data suggesting, but not proving, that thyroid hormone replacement is appropriate, not harmful, and may be beneficial. The best form of treatment (TRH,TSH,or T3+T4) and possible accompanying treatments (GHRH, Cortisol, nutrition, insulin) lack consensus. In this review current data are laid out for reader’s review and judgment.

Heart Failure (part 2)
Heart Failure (part 2) samer kareem 1,232 Views • 2 years ago

Not all conditions that lead to heart failure can be reversed, but treatments can improve the signs and symptoms of heart failure and help you live longer. Lifestyle changes — such as exercising, reducing salt in your diet, managing stress and losing weight — can improve your quality of life.

Rabies
Rabies samer kareem 7,268 Views • 2 years ago

In developing countries, domestic animals (eg, dogs) are common sources of infection. In the United States, bats and wild animals (eg, raccoons) are the most common reservoirs of infection. The acquisition of rabies from bats can occur from an unrecognized bite or a scratch, and possibly by inhalation of aerosolized viral particles. Bats are found in all states except Hawaii, and spelunking (cave exploration) is a risk factor for rabies acquisition from bats.

Candida endophthalmitis
Candida endophthalmitis samer kareem 1,879 Views • 2 years ago

Patients with candida endophthalmitis who have chorioretinitis with vitreal involvement should be treated with vitrectomy and systemic antifungal therapy with amphotericin B (Choice B) and/or fluconazole. An early vitrectomy improves the likelihood of a positive outcome, and intravitreal injection of amphotericin B may be of help. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of candida endophthalmitis is essential, as the condition can worsen quickly.

Signs of Developmental Delay at Age 3
Signs of Developmental Delay at Age 3 samer kareem 4,184 Views • 2 years ago

Developmental Delay at Age 3 | Child Development

Limbal Dermoid Removal
Limbal Dermoid Removal samer kareem 36,796 Views • 2 years ago

Limbal dermoid is a congenital growth on the eye that forms from germline cells that get trapped in this region during embryogenesis. The dermoid often has tissue from multiple germ layers including hair and fat. Dermoids on the eye can cause astigmatism and be unsightly.

Surgical Animation of Elbow Injury
Surgical Animation of Elbow Injury samer kareem 3,772 Views • 2 years ago

Tennis elbow is caused by doing the same forceful arm movements over and over. It creates small, painful tears in the tendons in your elbow. This injury can be caused by tennis, other racquet sports, and activities such as turning a wrench, prolonged typing, or chopping with a knife. The outside (lateral) elbow tendon is most commonly injured. The inside (medial) and backside (posterior) tendons can also be affected. This article discusses surgery to repair tennis elbow

Transition
Transition Scott 17,168 Views • 2 years ago

The period between stages one and two of labour

Exercises for Leg Lymphedema (Swelling or Edema)
Exercises for Leg Lymphedema (Swelling or Edema) samer kareem 2,868 Views • 2 years ago

Swelling is a typical symptom of lymphedema and commonly affects legs and arms. Compression stockings work to encourage the movement of lymph out of an affected limb. Lymphedema is incurable. However, treatment can help reduce the swelling and pain

Intercostal Tube Insertion
Intercostal Tube Insertion Doctor 17,551 Views • 2 years ago

Intercostal Tube Insertion in case of pneumothorax

Multiple Myeloma Mechanism of Action
Multiple Myeloma Mechanism of Action samer kareem 1,511 Views • 2 years ago

The pathobiology of MM is complex and the root underlying cause of myeloma is the multistep genetic changes in the postgerminal center B cell. In addition, the bone marrow microenvironment plays a crucial role.[2] The interaction between myeloma cells and the microenvironment is mediated through adhesive interactions via cell-surface receptors, paracrine loops involving several cytokines, such as IL-6, VEGF and IL-10, and suppression of cell-mediated immunity.[2–4] IMiDs modulate many of these interactions leading to decreased myeloma cell growth and survival. Thalidomide was the first IMiD introduced to treat MM. It was initially synthesized in Germany in the late 1950s to treat insomnia and morning sickness. It was withdrawn from the market in 1961 because of its teratogenic effects. Its immunomodulatory properties were realized when it was observed to improve erythema nodosum leprosum, a painful immunologic reaction of leprosy, leading to its approval by the FDA in 1998 with tight prescribing and marketing regulations. Subsequent research showed the diverse mechanism of action of thalidomide including its immunomodulatory effect by inhibition of de novo IgM antibody synthesis,[5] modulation of the T-cell subset by increasing the T-helper cells, inhibitory effects on the TNF-α and antiangiogenic activity leading to its use in MM. Significantly higher response rates in combination with dexamethasone led to its approval in the treatment of newly diagnosed MM in 2006. Lenalidomide, a second-generation IMiD, was developed from the structural backbone of the thalidomide molecule by the addition of an amino group (NH2-) at position 4 of the phthaloyl ring and removal of the carbonyl group (C = O) of the 4-amino-substituted phthaloyl ring (Table 1).[6] In addition to immunomodulatory effects, other mechanisms of action have been described such as direct cytotoxicity via induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell adhesion molecules and inhibition of growth signals that promote bone marrow angiogenesis

 Testing for Occult Blood in the Stool
Testing for Occult Blood in the Stool Scott 11,424 Views • 2 years ago

This video demonstrates how to test for trace amounts of blood in the patients stool. Trace amounts of blood in the stool can be sign of a number of problems, colon cancer being the most worrisome.

Insertion of Spanner Prostatic Stent
Insertion of Spanner Prostatic Stent Medical_Videos 9,717 Views • 2 years ago

Insertion of Spanner Prostatic Stent

Cocaine in human brain
Cocaine in human brain Medical_Videos 15,350 Views • 2 years ago

Cocaine in human brain

Craniectomy
Craniectomy samer kareem 63,539 Views • 2 years ago

A craniotomy is the surgical removal of part of the bone from the skull to expose the brain. Specialized tools are used to remove the section of bone called the bone flap. The bone flap is temporarily removed, then replaced after the brain surgery has been done.

How to get out of bed after knee replacement surgery
How to get out of bed after knee replacement surgery Surgeon 65 Views • 2 years ago

Patient information from Sunnybrook's Holland Musculoskeletal Program. For more, visit: http://sunnybrook.ca/holland

What is the Piles Surgical treatment?
What is the Piles Surgical treatment? samer kareem 10,983 Views • 2 years ago

Treatment consists of diet modifications and laxatives A high-fiber diet can be effective, along with over-the-counter medications, such as stool softeners. In some cases, a medical procedure to remove the hemorrhoid may be needed to provide relief.

Sinusitis
Sinusitis samer kareem 14,525 Views • 2 years ago

Sinusitis means your sinuses are inflamed. The cause can be an infection or another problem. Your sinuses are hollow air spaces within the bones surrounding the nose. They produce mucus, which drains into the nose. If your nose is swollen, this can block the sinuses and cause pain. There are several types of sinusitis, including Acute, which lasts up to 4 weeks Subacute, which lasts 4 to 12 weeks Chronic, which lasts more than 12 weeks and can continue for months or even years Recurrent, with several attacks within a year Acute sinusitis often starts as a cold, which then turns into a bacterial infection. Allergies, nasal problems, and certain diseases can also cause acute and chronic sinusitis. Symptoms of sinusitis can include fever, weakness, fatigue, cough, and congestion. There may also be mucus drainage in the back of the throat, called postnasal drip. Your health care professional diagnoses sinusitis based on your symptoms and an examination of your nose and face. You may also need imaging tests. Treatments include antibiotics, decongestants, and pain relievers. Using heat pads on the inflamed area, saline nasal sprays, and vaporizers can also help.

MITOSIS
MITOSIS samer kareem 5,288 Views • 2 years ago

Mitosis is the process in which a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two, followed by division of the parent cell into two daughter cells. The word "mitosis" means "threads," and it refers to the threadlike appearance of chromosomes as the cell prepares to divide.

How do brain cells work?
How do brain cells work? samer kareem 1,424 Views • 2 years ago

The brain is made up of billions of nerve cells that are specially designed to communicate with each other. They form many connections with one another, creating an intricate network between cells.

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