Traditionally, the appendix is removed through an incision in the right lower abdominal wall. In most laparoscopic appendectomies, surgeons operate through 3 small incisions (each ¼ to ½ inch) while watching an enlarged image of the patient's internal organs on a television monitor.

Neurotransmitter 3D Animation
on Tuesday, December 21, 2010




Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals which transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse. Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles clustered beneath the membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse, and are released into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to receptors in the membrane on the postsynaptic side of the synapse. Release of neurotransmitters usually follows arrival of an action potential at the synapse, but may also follow graded electrical potentials. Low level "baseline" release also occurs without electrical stimulation. Neurotransmitters are synthesized from plentiful and simple precursors, such as amino acids, which are readily available from the diet and which require only a small number of biosynthetic steps to convert. The chemical identity of neurotransmitters is often difficult to determine experimentally. For example, it is easy using an electron microscope to recognize vesicles on the presynaptic side of a synapse, but it may not be easy to determine directly what chemical is packed into them. The difficulties led to many historical controversies over whether a given chemical was or was not clearly established as a transmitter. In an effort to give some structure to the arguments, neurochemists worked out a set of experimentally tractable rules. According to the prevailing beliefs of the 1960s, a chemical can be classified as a neurotransmitter if it meets the following conditions: * There are precursors and/or synthesis enzymes located in the presynaptic side of the synapse. * The chemical is present in the presynaptic element. * It is available in sufficient quantity in the presynaptic neuron to affect the postsynaptic neuron; * There are postsynaptic receptors and the chemical is able to bind to them. * A biochemical mechanism for inactivation is present. There are many different ways to classify neurotransmitters. Dividing them into amino acids, peptides, and monoamines is sufficient for some classification purposes. Major neurotransmitters: * Amino acids: glutamate, aspartate, D-serine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine * Monoamines and other biogenic amines: dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (noradrenaline; NE, NA), epinephrine (adrenaline), histamine, serotonin (SE, 5-HT), melatonin * Others: acetylcholine (ACh), adenosine, anandamide, nitric oxide, etc. In addition, over 50 neuroactive peptides have been found, and new ones are discovered regularly. Many of these are "co-released" along with a small-molecule transmitter, but in some cases a peptide is the primary transmitter at a synapse. β-endorphin is a relatively well known example of a peptide neurotransmitter; it engages in highly specific interactions with opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Single ions, such as synaptically released zinc, are also considered neurotransmitters by some[by whom?], as are some gaseous molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). These are not classical neurotransmitters by the strictest definition, however, because although they have all been shown experimentally to be released by presynaptic terminals in an activity-dependent way, they are not packaged into vesicles. By far the most prevalent transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain. The next most prevalent is GABA, which is inhibitory at more than 90% of the synapses that do not use glutamate. Even though other transmitters are used in far fewer synapses, they may be very important functionally—the great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering the actions of some neurotransmitter systems, often acting through transmitters other than glutamate or GABA. Addictive drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine exert their effects primarily on the dop

Repair Deviated Nasal Septum, Endoscopic Septoplasty, endoscopic surgery, Stapler repair of nasal septum, Dr B. Todd Schaeffer.

-Failure to thrive (FTT) is not a diagnosis in itself; rather, it is a term used to describe failure to gain weight in children younger than two years old. Children categorized as FTT weigh less than the 5th percentile for their age; more severe cases involve a slowing of linear growth and head circumference as well. The three causes of FTT are inadequate calorie intake, inadequate calorie absorption, and increased calorie requirements. Newborn infants need 110 kcal/kg/day, while children up to twelve months need 100

Bodybuilder Drains Synthol Hematoma From Bicep

The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible. The cycle is required for the production of oocytes, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy.

The products of a surgical abortion.

Psychotic Depression Information

LASIK eye procedure for correcting vision

Cancer Patient Dances in OR before her Surgery

All Solution of Male Disorder Male Infertility Diagnostic and Treatment Re-Slim Care Latest Technology in Pakistan Dr. Aslam Naveed is a well known sexologist in Pakistan. He has treated more than 1 Lac patients since last 30 years of clinical Practice in sexology, he knows how to help the people facing sexual disorders. Contact: 02134965050, 03432821919, 0345-8314663 http://www.sexologistpakistan.com/ https://www.facebook.com/menssexcareclinic/ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCagSSgdEgQJWl_xfFM12BwA https://twitter.com/bettersexcare https://www.instagram.com/dr.aslamnaveed/ ADDRESS: Men’s Care Modern Hospital, Opposite, Safari Park, University Road, Karachi, Pakistan.

Anatomy of Split Pelvis

Watch this clinical examination video to learn how to diagnose inguinal related groin pain.

This video clip is part of the FIFA Diploma in Football Medicine and the FIFA Medical Network. To enrol or to find our more click on the following link http://www.fifamedicalnetwork.com

The Diploma is a free online course designed to help clinicians learn how to diagnose and manage common football-related injuries and illnesses. There are a total of 42 modules created by football medicine experts. Visit a single page, complete individual modules or finish the entire course.

The network provides the opportunity for clinicians around the world to meet and share ideas relating to football medicine. Ask about an interesting case, debate current practice and discuss treatment strategies. Create a profile and log on to interact with other health professionals from around the globe.

This is not medical advice. The content is intended as educational content for health care professionals and students. If you are a patient, seek care of a health care professional.

A clinical examination of the hands using the standard Look, Feel, Move approach. Specific​ examination structure derived from MacLeod's Clinical Examination 14th edition. Performed by Dr James Gill

Histology of Placenta

Insertion of pediatric nasogastric tube in children and babies

How to Improve Sexual Health or Stamina part 4 All Solution of Male Disorder Male Infertility Diagnostic and Treatment Re-Slim Care Latest Technology in Pakistan Dr. Aslam Naveed is a well known sexologist in Pakistan. He has treated more than 1 Lac patients since last 30 years of clinical Practice in sexology, he knows how to help the people facing sexual disorders. Contact: 02134965050, 03432821919 www.sexologistpakistan.com https://www.facebook.com/menssexcareclinic/ https://youtu.be/_fRbtwWtLoE Part 1 https://youtu.be/S17bCnwCLuI Part 2 https://youtu.be/CPAXxkdz7mM Part 3 https://youtu.be/YlsdBZJ4prg Part 4 https://youtu.be/fylxbK4azvs Part 5 https://youtu.be/Zb8TcdgJ7Io Part 6 https://youtu.be/0wbDDNAwsmo Part 7 https://youtu.be/gHDmwfsMgTw Part 8 https://youtu.be/IasXoRKUlV4 Part 9 ADDRESS: Men’s Care Modern Hospital, Opposite, Safari Park, University Road, Karachi, Pakistan.

Breast Cancer spreads by 3 mechanisms- local spread, by lymph nodes, or through the blood. Dr. Lorraine Champion, and Dr. Lisa Bailey discuss how breast cancer spreads. They discuss the different methods of spread and how this will affect the treatment of breast cancer.