Sialorrhea or excessive drooling is a major issue in children with cerebral palsy and adults with neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we describe the clinical features, anatomy and physiology of sialorrhea, as well as a review of the world literature on medical treatment using Yale University’s search engine; including but not limited to Medline and Erasmus. Level of drug efficacy is defined according to the guidelines of American Academy of Neurology. Current medical management is unsatisfactory. Topical agents (scopolamine and tropicamide) and oral agents (glyccopyrolate) combined render a level B evidence (probably effective); however, this treatment is associated with troublesome side effects. Double-blind and placebo-controlled studies of botulinum toxin (BoNT) provide a level A evidence for type B (two class I studies; effective and established) and both overall and individual B level of evidence for OnabotulinumtoxinA (A/Ona) and AbobotulinumtoxinA (A/Abo); these are probably effective. For IncobotulinumtoxinA (A/Inco), the level of evidence is U (insufficient) due to lack of blinded studies. Side effects are uncommon; transient and comparable between the two types of toxin. A clinical note at the end of this review comments on fine clinical points. Administration of BoNTs into salivary glands is currently the most effective way of treating sialorrhea.

This medical animation shows laparoscopically assisted gallbladder removal surgery, or cholecystectomy. The animation begins by showing the normal anatomy of the liver and gallbladder. Over time, gallstones form within the gallbladder, blocking the cystic duct, and causing the gallbladder to become enlarged and inflamed. The procedure, sometimes called a "lap-chole", begins with the insertion of four trocar devices, which allow the physician to see inside the abdomen without making a large incision. Air is added to the abdominal cavity to make it easier to see the gall bladder. Next, we see a view through the laparascope, showing two surgical instruments grasping the gallbladder while a third severs the cystic duct. After the gallbladder is removed, the camera pans around to show that the cystic artery and vein, have already been clipped to prevent bleeding.

Item #ANIM026

Colonoscopy is a test that allows your doctor to look at the inner lining of your large intestine (rectum and colon). He or she uses a thin, flexible tube called a colonoscope to look at the colon. A colonoscopy helps find ulcers, colon polyps, tumors, and areas of inflammation or bleeding.

Watch that video of Sperm Formation and Ejaculation Process

The dentin is a hard tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth. It is similar to bone but is slightly harder, although softer than enamel. The dentin has numerous dentinal tubules that run across its length. Each dentinal tubule houses the cytoplasmic process of an odontoblast (odontoblastic process).
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References and further reading:
💡Berkovitz BKB, Hollan GR, Moxham BJ. Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology. 4th ed. Mosby Elsevier; 2009.
💡Nanci A. Tencate’s Oral Histology. Development, Structure and Function. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2013.
💡Kumar GS. Orban’s Oral Histology and Embryology.13th ed. Elsevier; 2011.
💡Avery JK. Oral development and Histology. 3rd ed. Thieme Medical Publishers; 2002.

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HackDentistry is an edtech company that aims make learning dentistry fun,engaging and light hearted.
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Dr. Akshay Syal takes us to NYU Langone Health where new A.I. technology is diagnosing brain tumors in record time, which opens the doors to possible new life-saving treatments.

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Tummy Tuck ( Classic Method ) : Surgery | 3D Animation

How long does tummy tuck last?
Tummy tuck results are considered permanent, insofar that the fat cells and skin removed during an abdominoplasty cannot grow back. Likewise, the internal sutures placed to repair abdominal muscles are designed to remain in place indefinitely.

What is tummy tuck surgery?
A tummy tuck — also known as abdominoplasty — is a cosmetic surgical procedure to improve the shape and appearance of the abdomen. During a tummy tuck, excess skin and fat are removed from the abdomen. Connective tissue in the abdomen (fascia) usually is tightened with sutures as well.

How much does tummy tuck cost?
How much does it cost? It can cost from about £5,000 to £10,000 to have an abdominoplasty in the UK, plus the cost of any consultations or follow-up care.

How painful is a tummy tuck?
A tummy tuck requires significant downtime

At the beginning, you will be fatigued, swollen and sore. It is normal to have moderate pain during these first several days, although this will steadily improve. It is vital to allow yourself time to focus on rest and healing.

What is the disadvantage of tummy tuck?
The cons of a tummy tuck include: A full abdominoplasty is a major operation with a considerable recovery. Expect to postpone strenuous activities for at least 6 weeks. Results take time.


Is tummy tuck more painful than C section?
That's something many women want to know. While patients have different experiences, most plastic surgeons would agree that a cesarean section is more painful than most tummy tucks.


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Digital Local Anaesthesia

Hemorrhoidectomy

Watch that video of Amputated Hand Reattachment Surgery

Histology lab video reviewing the structure and cells of thin skin, thick skin, and skin sensory structures on digital histology slides. This video is a part of our Histology Video Course (https://youtube.com/playlist?l....ist=PLnr1l7WuQdDynxT

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How to place an NG tube in a baby,

This request usually follows orbit examination of a patient with thyroid eye disease. The aim is to look for signs of hyperthyroidism and less commonly hypothyroidism.

Eye Cyst Removal By Vitrectomy

In today's video our patient is on the second stage of her breast reconstruction journey. Previously she had a mastectomy on the left side then we inserted a tissue expander to help stretch the breast tissue to create a pocket for the permanent breast implant that we are placing in today's video. On top of the breast implant we are grafting this patient's own fat into the breast to add a little extra volume and help it be more symmetrical with the other breast.

28 years old gentleman presented with huge liver abscess in the right lobe, with repeated attempts of percutaneous aspirations in the past. He was evaluated and subjected to Laparoscopic drainage. This video depicts feasibility of laparoscopy in deep seated liver abscesses. Video created by: Dr. Juneed M. Lanker Fellow Minimal Access Surgery Apollo Hospitals Chennai.

Female to Male gender confirming top surgery video : "Double Incision" Technique.

Coin extraction from the upper esophagus in a child.

Dr. Mohamed Abeid

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Electronystagmography (ENG) is a diagnostic test to record involuntary movements of the eye caused by a condition known as nystagmus. It can also be used to diagnose the cause of vertigo, dizziness or balance dysfunction by testing the vestibular system.