In dark or dim light, the pupil dilates to allow more light into the eye to improve vision. Normal pupil size tends to range between 2.0 and 5.0 millimeters, depending on the lighting. The younger you are, the larger your pupils tend to be.

Tummy tuck surgery, also known as abdominoplasty, removes excess fat and skin and, in most cases, restores weakened or separated muscles creating an abdominal profile that is smoother and firmer. A flat and well-toned abdomen is something many of us strive for through exercise and weight control. Sometimes these methods cannot achieve our goals. Even individuals of otherwise normal body weight and proportion can develop an abdomen that protrudes or is loose and sagging. The most common causes of this include: Aging Heredity Pregnancy Prior surgery Significant fluctuations in weight What tummy tuck surgery can't do A tummy tuck is not a substitute for weight loss or an appropriate exercise program. Although the results of a tummy tuck are technically permanent, the positive outcome can be greatly diminished by significant fluctuations in your weight. For this reason, individuals who are planning substantial weight loss or women who may be considering future pregnancies would be advised to postpone a tummy tuck. A tummy tuck cannot correct stretch marks, although these may be removed or somewhat improved if they are located on the areas of excess skin that will be excised.

Nuclear Transfer is a form of cloning. The steps involve removing the DNA from an oocyte and while(unfertilized egg), and injecting the nucleus which contains the DNA to be cloned. In rare instances, the newly constructed cell will divide normally, replicating the new DNA while remaining

Unstable ankle joints after internal fixation of type B malleolar fractures exist. Residual instability most often occurs after trimalleolar fractures with initial joint dislocation. Treatment with an additional positioning screw generally produced a satisfactory result.

Medical providers divide the spinal cord into four distinct regions. Knowing the region in which the injury is located is often the key to understanding diagnosis and treatment. The four spinal cord regions are: The cervical spinal cord: This is the topmost portion of the spinal cord, where the brain connects to the spinal cord, and the neck connects to the back. This region consists of eight vertebrae, commonly referred to as C1-C8. All spinal cord numbers are descending, so C1 is the highest vertebra, while C8 is the lowest in this region. The thoracic spinal cord: This section forms the middle of the spinal cord, containing twelve vertebrae numbered T1-T12. The lumbar spinal cord: This is a lower region of the spinal cord, where your spinal cord begins to bend. If you put your hand in your lower back, where your back bends inward, you're feeling your lumbar region. There are five lumbar vertebrae, numbered L1-L5.

This surgical glue can seal wounds in just 60 seconds

Watch that video to know How to Get Rid of Blackheads From Your Nose

Watch that video of the 10 Most Invasive Parasites in the World

This video describes, step by step, how to place an external ventricular drain. This is a common neurosurgical procedure used to relieve intracranial pressure.

Portal hypertension is an increase in the blood pressure within a system of veins called the portal venous system. ... If the vessels in the liver are blocked due to liver damage, blood cannot flow properly through the liver. As a result, high pressure in the portal system develops

What is vascular access? What are the different types of accesses for hemodialysis? Does vascular access require surgery? Adina Voiculescu, M.D., FASDIN, General and Interventional Nephrologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Assistant Professor at Harvard Medical School, discusses the different types of vascular access, such as AV fistulas and AV grafts, and how to stay healthy while on hemodialysis.

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0:00 - Intro
0:29 - Peritoneal dialysis & Hemodialysis
0:44 - Types of access to perform dialysis
1:48 - Recommendations

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Hemodialysis: Types of Accesses for Kidney Dialysis and How to Stay Healthy | Mass General Brigham
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We are looking for 5 patients with knee pain who want to get significantly better in the next 30 days. Click this link to let me know you're interested and learn more.

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If you suffer a knee injury, what do you do about it? Should you be concerned? On one hand, you could give it a few days to see if it gets better on its own. How can you know if you risk making the problem worse? In this Ask Dr. Geier video, I offer four signs you have a serious knee injury that could require surgery.

Please note: I don't respond to questions and requests for specific medical advice left in the comments to my videos. I receive too many to keep up (several hundred per week), and legally I can't offer specific medical advice to people who aren't my patients (see below). If you want to ask a question about a specific injury you have, leave it in the comments below, and I might answer it in an upcoming Ask Dr. Geier video. If you need more detailed information on your injury, go to my Resources page: https://www.drdavidgeier.com/resources/

The content of this YouTube Channel, https://www.youtube.com/user/drdavidgeier (“Channel”) is for INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. The Channel may offer health, fitness, nutritional and other such information, but such information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. This content should not be used to self-diagnose or self-treat any health, medical, or physical condition. The content does not and is not intended to convey medical advice and does not constitute the practice of medicine. YOU SHOULD NOT RELY ON THIS INFORMATION AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR, NOR DOES IT REPLACE, PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL ADVICE, DIAGNOSIS, OR TREATMENT. You should consult with your healthcare professional before doing anything contained on this Channel. You agree that Dr. Geier is not responsible for any actions or inaction on your part based on the information that is presented on the Channel. Dr. David Geier Enterprises, LLC makes no representations about the accuracy or suitability of the content. USE OF THE CONTENT IS AT YOUR OWN RISK.

SWELLING
If you have a knee that is much more swollen than the opposite knee, especially if the swelling developed soon after you got hurt, then it could be a sign of structural damage. While a small amount of swelling could be normal or a sign of inflammation in the knee, a knee that is really swollen and much larger than the other knee could represent a fracture, torn ACL or other ligament or some other damaged structure.

INABILITY TO FULLY STRAIGHTEN YOUR KNEE
Pain can make it difficult for you to straighten your knee. But being unable to get your knee completely flat can be a sign of an injury like an ACL tear or meniscus tear.

LOCKING OF THE KNEE
Locking is a term orthopedic surgeons use to describe a knee that gets stuck in a certain position. Maybe you can straighten it to a certain point, but it gets stuck around 30 degrees short of fully straight. Or you can’t bend it past a certain point because something inside the knee is blocking it. Catching is a milder form of the same problem, where you can get to the point that the motion stops, but you can twist or rotate your knee past that point.

BUCKLING OR GIVING WAY
Having the tibia (shin bone) shift out from under the femur (thigh bone) usually represents an ACL injury. If your knee buckled during the traumatic injury and keeps happening in the days after the injury, you risk doing more damage to the other structures inside the knee.

This list is not comprehensive, so if you are concerned about your knee injury or knee pain, it never hurts to see your doctor or an orthopedic surgeon.