Anatomy of The Gastrointestinal Tract GIT

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The Role and Function of Nursing

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Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that is caused by the chronic breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage within the joints. As the cartilage wears away, the bones that meet at the joint begin to rub against each other. This can cause extreme pain and can severely reduce movement and flexibility of the joint. Growths of bone, called bone spurs, can also form around the edges of the joint and cause pain. Joint swelling can also occur if the synovial membrane lining the joint becomes irritated, producing excess fluid that collects inside the joint. What Causes Osteoarthritis? More than half of the population age 65 or older have osteoarthritis in at least one joint. Osteoarthritis usually results from injury to a joint or from wear and tear over time. Heredity, lack of use, and being overweight also contribute to the development of osteoarthritis. Treating Osteoarthritis Treatment can include weight loss, physiotherapy, and medication. If the condition becomes severe and mobility is greatly reduced, hip replacement surgery may be necessary.

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A laparoscopic video showing Hemostasis and cauterization during laparoscopy

Man had to have aggressive removal of Squamous Cell Carcinoma which resulted in the loss of a large portion of his face.

The removal of a tumor weighing 150 kg (300 pounds) from the stomach of a woman

Mitral Valve Repair video

Quran describes the stages of human creation accurately

Evaluación de la microcirculación con SDF (Sidestream dark field) Microscan® como método de monitorización no invasiva en microcirugía.

Dr. Arthur Handal explains both an open and closed approach to a Rhinoplasty and which is more effective, in his opinion.

Pink eye (conjunctivitis) is an inflammation or infection of the transparent membrane (conjunctiva) that lines your eyelid and covers the white part of your eyeball. When small blood vessels in the conjunctiva become inflamed, they're more visible. This is what causes the whites of your eyes to appear reddish or pink. Pink eye is commonly caused by a bacterial or viral infection or an allergic reaction. It may affect one or both eyes. Pink eye can be irritating, but it rarely affects your vision. Treatments can help ease the discomfort of pink eye. Because pink eye can be contagious, early diagnosis and treatment can help limit its spread.

Nail biting is a bad habit that can not only make your hands look unsightly, but if you bite your nails badly enough, you may permanently damage your nails, your teeth, or even your gums. Many people deal with this problem, so you're not alone. If you are tired of stubby and bleeding nails try these simple remedies to promote normal and beautiful nail growth.

Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it. Specifically, the sounds reflect the turbulence created when the heart valves snap shut. In cardiac auscultation, an examiner may use a stethoscope to listen for these unique and distinct sounds that provide important auditory data regarding the condition of the heart. In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds often described as a lub and a dub (or dup), that occur in sequence with each heartbeat. These are the first heart sound (S1) and second heart sound (S2), produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs, adventitious sounds, and gallop rhythms S3 and S4. Heart murmurs are generated by turbulent flow of blood, which may occur inside or outside the heart. Murmurs may be physiological (benign) or pathological (abnormal). Abnormal murmurs can be caused by stenosis restricting the opening of a heart valve, resulting in turbulence as blood flows through it. Abnormal murmurs may also occur with valvular insufficiency (regurgitation), which allows backflow of blood when the incompetent valve closes with only partial effectiveness. Different murmurs are audible in different parts of the cardiac cycle, depending on the cause of the murmur.

To help you feel better, you may want to try the following self-care measures: Avoid lung irritants. Don't smoke. Wear a mask when the air is polluted or if you're exposed to irritants, such as paint or household cleaners with strong fumes. Use a humidifier. Warm, moist air helps relieve coughs and loosens mucus in your airways. But be sure to clean the humidifier according to the manufacturer's recommendations to avoid the growth of bacteria and fungi in the water container. Consider a face mask outside. If cold air aggravates your cough and causes shortness of breath, put on a cold-air face mask before you go outside.

Headache is pain in any region of the head. Headaches may occur on one or both sides of the head, be isolated to a certain location, radiate across the head from one point, or have a viselike quality. A headache may appear as a sharp pain, a throbbing sensation or a dull ache. Headaches can develop gradually or suddenly, and may last from less than an hour to several days

Addison's disease is a disorder that occurs when your body produces insufficient amounts of certain hormones produced by your adrenal glands. In Addison's disease, your adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often insufficient levels of aldosterone as well. Also called adrenal insufficiency, Addison's disease occurs in all age groups and affects both sexes. Addison's disease can be life-threatening. Treatment for Addison's disease involves taking hormones to replace the insufficient amounts being made by your adrenal glands, in order to mimic the beneficial effects produced by your naturally made hormones.