Thai Medical Vacation is the largest medical tours facilitator in Asia. Solutions include Plastic surgery in Thailand,Knee and hip replacements in Thailand,fertility solutions Thailand,cancer therapy in Thailand and stem cell treatments in Thailand, dentistry abroad,and traditional chinese and thai treatments along with orthopedic joint treatments in Thailand

Insertion of Spanner Prostatic Stent

Sucking Reflex

Cocaine in human brain

Histology of Intervertebral Disk

Histology of lingual Tonsil

Phlebotomy Drawing Blood from Veins

Percussion Technique

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Clipless

Brain Anatomy and Functions Animation

Bone Repair Animation

Bone Remodeling and Modeling

Being diagnosed with ulcerative colitis doesn’t have to stop you from doing the activities you love. Former professional Canadian athletes share their inspiring stories of living well with ulcerative colitis.

Removal of rupture appendix

Your kids are going to love brushing! Follow these tips and find out how brushing your teeth can be fun and effective for the whole family.

Dr. Salvador pioneered the development of new liposuction techniques. In 2005, he developed Smartlipo Ultra to provide a safer and more effective treatment for removal of unwanted fat. Smartlipo Ultra was the first liposuction treatment to combine ultrasound for fat removal with laser technology to tighten skin.Dr. Salvador now focuses his cosmetic practice exclusively on SafeSculpt Laser Liposuction. He is recognized internationally as an expert on minimally invasive liposuction and tumescent anesthesia.

A heart transplant, or a cardiac transplant, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease when other medical or surgical treatments have failed.

Pathologic changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) occur in the large (central) airways, the small (peripheral) bronchioles, and the lung parenchyma. Most cases of COPD are the result of exposure to noxious stimuli, most often cigarette smoke. The normal inflammatory response is amplified in persons prone to COPD development. The pathogenic mechanisms are not clear but are most likely diverse. Increased numbers of activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages release elastases in a manner that cannot be counteracted effectively by antiproteases, resulting in lung destruction. The primary offender has been found to be human leukocyte elastase, with synergistic roles suggested for proteinase-3 and macrophage-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cysteine proteinases, and a plasminogen activator. Additionally, increased oxidative stress caused by free radicals in cigarette smoke, the oxidants released by phagocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes all may lead to apoptosis or necrosis of exposed cells. Accelerated aging and autoimmune mechanisms have also been proposed as having roles in the pathogenesis of COPD.[5, 6] Cigarette smoke causes neutrophil influx, which is required for the secretion of MMPs; this suggests, therefore, that neutrophils and macrophages are required for the development of emphysema. Studies have also shown that in addition to macrophages, T lymphocytes, particularly CD8+, play an important role in the pathogenesis of smoking-induced airflow limitation. To support the inflammation hypothesis further, a stepwise increase in alveolar inflammation has been found in surgical specimens from patients without COPD versus patients with mild or severe emphysema. Indeed, mounting evidence supports the concept that dysregulation of apoptosis and defective clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages play a prominent role in airway inflammation, particularly in emphysema.[7] Azithromycin (Zithromax) has been shown to improve this macrophage clearance function, providing a possible future treatment modality.[8] In patients with stable COPD without known cardiovascular disease, there is a high prevalence of microalbuminuria, which is associated with hypoxemia independent of other risk factors.[9] Chronic bronchitis Mucous gland hyperplasia (as seen in the images below) is the histologic hallmark of chronic bronchitis. Airway structural changes include atrophy, focal squamous metaplasia, ciliary abnormalities, variable amounts of airway smooth muscle hyperplasia, inflammation, and bronchial wall thickening.

Hyponatremia is a condition that occurs when the level of sodium in your blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an electrolyte, and it helps regulate the amount of water that's in and around your cells. In hyponatremia, one or more factors — ranging from an underlying medical condition to drinking too much water during endurance sports — causes the sodium in your body to become diluted. When this happens, your body's water levels rise, and your cells begin to swell. This swelling can cause many health problems, from mild to life-threatening. Hyponatremia treatment is aimed at resolving the underlying condition. Depending on the cause of hyponatremia, you may simply need to cut back on how much you drink. In other cases of hyponatremia, you may need intravenous fluids and medications

The incidence of digitalis toxicity has declined in recent years, due to decreased use of this drug along with improved technology for monitoring of drug levels and increased awareness of drug interactions. Nevertheless, cardiac glycoside toxicity continues to be a problem in the United States because of the wide use of digoxin (a preparation of digitalis) and its narrow therapeutic window. Digitalis is a plant-derived cardiac glycoside commonly used in the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF), atrial fibrillation, and reentrant supraventricular tachycardia.[1, 2] Digoxin is the only available preparation of digitalis in the United States. (See Etiology and Epidemiology.) Cardiac glycosides are found in certain flowering plants, such as oleander and lily-of-the-valley. Indigenous people in various parts of the world have used many plant extracts containing cardiac glycosides as arrow and ordeal poisons. The ancient Egyptians used squill (Urginea maritime) as a medicine. The Romans employed it as a diuretic, heart tonic, emetic, and rat poison. Digitalis, or foxglove, was mentioned in the year 1250 in the writings of Welsh physicians. Fuchsius described it botanically 300 years later and named it Digitalis purpurea. William Withering published his classic account of foxglove and some of its medical uses in 1785, remarking upon his experience with digitalis. He recognized many of the signs of digitalis toxicity, noting, "The foxglove, when given in very large and quickly repeated doses, occasions sickness, vomiting, purging, giddiness, confused vision, objects appearing green or yellow; increased secretion of urine, slow pulses, even as low as 35 in a minute, cold sweats, convulsions, syncope, death." (See Presentation and Workup.) During the early 20th century, as a result of the work of Cushny, Mackenzie, Lewis, and others, the drug was gradually recognized as specific for treatment of atrial fibrillation. Only subsequently was the value of digitalis for treatment of CHF established. Cardiac glycosides enhance cardiac contractility and slow conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) junction by increasing vagal tone.[3] (See Etiology.) Cardiac glycoside toxicity has been known to result from ingestion of some plants, including yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) and foxglove, and a similar toxidrome has been associated with the use of herbal dietary supplements that contain cardiac glycosides. Digoxin is among the top 50 prescribed drugs in the United States.[4] In 2011, the American Association of Poison Control Centers reported 1601 single exposures to cardiac glycoside drugs.[5] Cardiac glycosides account for 2.6% of toxic plant exposures in the United States.[6, 7] Most of these exposures are in children.[7] (See Epidemiology.) Digoxin-specific fragment antigen-binding (Fab) antibody fragments have contributed significantly to the improved morbidity and mortality of toxic patients since their approval in 1986 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (See Prognosis, Treatment, and Medication.)