Kyphosis, also known as a round back or hunchback, is a condition in which the spine in the upper back has an excessive curvature. The upper back, or thoracic region of the spine, is supposed to have a slight natural curve.

The gradual curves of the human spine allow the body to absorb many shocks and stresses in daily life. It’s a delicate balance, though, and if part of the spine curves too much, pain and limited mobility may result.

Asthma and COPD

Here's Why Your Skin Doesn't Rip Easily

This type of gait is most often seen in peripheral nerve disease where the distal lower extremity is most affected. Because the foot dorsiflexors are weak, the patient has a high stepping gait in an attempt to avoid dragging the toe on the ground.

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep. People with narcolepsy often find it difficult to stay awake for long periods of time, regardless of the circumstances. Narcolepsy can cause serious disruptions in your daily routine. Sometimes, narcolepsy can be accompanied by a sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy) that leads to weakness and loss of muscle control. Cataplexy is often triggered by a strong emotion, most commonly laughter. Narcolepsy is a chronic condition for which there's no cure. However, medications and lifestyle changes can help you manage the symptoms. Support from others — family, friends, employer, teachers — can help you cope with narcolepsy.

Meningococcal meningitis - causes, features, symptoms and treatment

The fovea was moved 425 to 1,700 microm (965+/-262 microm) superiorly or inferiorly. Follow-up time was 2 to 12 months (median 8 months). Complications included macular pucker (3 eyes), subfoveal hemorrhage (2 eyes), macular hole (1 eye), and progression of cataract in phakic eyes (3 eyes). Thirteen of 20 eyes showed various degrees of proliferative vitreoretinopathy with epiretinal membrane formation over the inferior peripheral retina with the inferior retinal detachment stabilized by the silicone oil. One eye progressed to phthisis bulbi. Initial visual acuity ranged from 20/80 to 20/800 (median 20/150) and final visual acuity ranged from light perception to 20/200 (median 20/1000).

Galactosemia

Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism. The liver carries out several necessary functions, including detoxifying harmful substances in your body, cleaning your blood and making vital nutrients.Apr 6, 2016

The maneuver is commonly used during some activities: Straining to have a bowel movement Blowing a stuffy nose Certain medical tests or exams As a pressure equalization technique by scuba divers, sky divers and airplane passengers The effect of the Valsalva Maneuver is a drastic increase in the pressure within the thoracic cavity.

For both DCIS and invasive cancer, radiation therapy to the remaining breast tissue is generally recommended after surgery. A lumpectomy may also be called breast-conserving surgery, a partial mastectomy, quadrantectomy, or a segmental mastectomy. A mastectomy is the surgical removal of the entire breast.

Cerclage is indicated in a patient with a history of painless cervical dilation and a second trimester loss. It is also indicated in a patient with a history of preterm birth and a short cervix found on ultrasound between 16-24 weeks gestation. Cerclage placement occurs after the first trimester in case the pregnancy is genetically abnormal and would likely result in a first trimester loss.

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is an over-the-counter herbal supplement used for its antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Although it has been prescribed in Europe for mild to moderate depression, negative clinical trials and multiple reports of adverse drug interactions have raised concern about its use. St. John's wort induces various P450 isozymes (CYP 1A2, 2C19, 2C9, and 3A4) and P-glycoprotein systems. Drug interactions with the herbal product can lead to treatment failures with many medications, including hormonal contraceptives, antiretrovirals, immunosuppressive agents, narcotics, anticoagulants, and antifungals. There is also a risk for serotonin syndrome when St. John's wort is used in combination with other serotonergic antidepressants. The lack of strict regulation of herbal products that results in variable quality and content (unknown toxic ingredients or inactive ingredients) is also a concern.

Benzodiazepines are a class of agents that work on the central nervous system, acting selectively on gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA-A) receptors in the brain. GABA is a neurotransmitter that inhibits or reduces the activity of nerve cells (neurons) within the brain. Benzodiazepines open GABA-activated chloride channels, and allow chloride ions to enter the neuron. This makes the neuron negatively charged and resistant to excitation.

The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, spermatic ducts, sex glands, and penis. These organs work together to produce sperm, the male gamete, and the other components of semen.

Because of his weight, Jimmie Jones was on the waiting list for a new kidney for 17 years. University of Illinois Hospital surgeons used robotic surgery to give him a life without dialysis.

This is a video which discusses the Vioptix tOX system of near infrared spectroscopy for the monitoring of free tissue transfer. Having information as to the health of the microvascular anastomosis is critical to improved patient outcome and free tissue survival. With better monitoring, supplementing clinical evaluation, surgeons are able to assess the health of the free tissue better and potentially improve patient outcome. The example in this video is of a free breast reconstruction where the tOX system was used to remotely monitor the free flap. The surgeon can follow the flap real time and more importantly follow trend lines to help predict flap complications.

This medical animation illustrates how acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common type of cancer in adults, develops in the blood and bone marrow. The narrator also discusses the symptoms of AML and AML treatment options.

In 5 minutes find out how and why a normal cell becomes a cancer cell: risk factors and treatment.