Cerclage is indicated in a patient with a history of painless cervical dilation and a second trimester loss. It is also indicated in a patient with a history of preterm birth and a short cervix found on ultrasound between 16-24 weeks gestation. Cerclage placement occurs after the first trimester in case the pregnancy is genetically abnormal and would likely result in a first trimester loss.

-Traumatic amputation of a body part requires rapid transport of the appendage, which should be wrapped in a saline-moistened gauze, placed in a plastic bag, and transported in a container filled with ice mixed with either saline or sterile water to best preserve the body part and attempt replantation.

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is an over-the-counter herbal supplement used for its antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Although it has been prescribed in Europe for mild to moderate depression, negative clinical trials and multiple reports of adverse drug interactions have raised concern about its use. St. John's wort induces various P450 isozymes (CYP 1A2, 2C19, 2C9, and 3A4) and P-glycoprotein systems. Drug interactions with the herbal product can lead to treatment failures with many medications, including hormonal contraceptives, antiretrovirals, immunosuppressive agents, narcotics, anticoagulants, and antifungals. There is also a risk for serotonin syndrome when St. John's wort is used in combination with other serotonergic antidepressants. The lack of strict regulation of herbal products that results in variable quality and content (unknown toxic ingredients or inactive ingredients) is also a concern.

Benzodiazepines are a class of agents that work on the central nervous system, acting selectively on gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA-A) receptors in the brain. GABA is a neurotransmitter that inhibits or reduces the activity of nerve cells (neurons) within the brain. Benzodiazepines open GABA-activated chloride channels, and allow chloride ions to enter the neuron. This makes the neuron negatively charged and resistant to excitation.

The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, spermatic ducts, sex glands, and penis. These organs work together to produce sperm, the male gamete, and the other components of semen.

Because of his weight, Jimmie Jones was on the waiting list for a new kidney for 17 years. University of Illinois Hospital surgeons used robotic surgery to give him a life without dialysis.

This is a video which discusses the Vioptix tOX system of near infrared spectroscopy for the monitoring of free tissue transfer. Having information as to the health of the microvascular anastomosis is critical to improved patient outcome and free tissue survival. With better monitoring, supplementing clinical evaluation, surgeons are able to assess the health of the free tissue better and potentially improve patient outcome. The example in this video is of a free breast reconstruction where the tOX system was used to remotely monitor the free flap. The surgeon can follow the flap real time and more importantly follow trend lines to help predict flap complications.

This 13 yrs young girl has had left temporo parietal cavernous angioma ,she came with acute bleed with raised ICT ,aphasia ,right hemiparesis ,leision was excised microsurgically with excellent out come

This animated video is an informative video that provides information regarding Upper Gastro-intestinal Endoscopy. An upper GI endoscopy procedure allows your doctor to view the mucus lining of the upper portion of your gastro-intestinal tract. This includes your oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. Upper endoscopy is used to evaluate symptoms of persistent upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bleeding, or difficulty in swallowing. The procedure is performed using an endoscope which is a long thin flexible tube a light and a tiny video camera attached to the end. The camera transmits the image to a monitor. Uncomplicated upper endoscopy takes 10-20 minutes, your doctor will gently insert the endoscope through your mouth and then slowly and carefully move it down your oesophagus until it reaches your stomach. An endoscopy for stomach may also be necessary in some cases.

Wondering how pregnancy happens? It’s not as simple as it seems! Pregnancy takes several days, and there are lots of steps. Here are the basics on how pregnancy works.

Anatomical snuff box tenderness due to probable scaphoid wrist bone fracture.

How to examine a patient's wrist if you suspect a scaphoid fracture: by Cape Town Emergency Medicine

This animation describes the goals of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management and how patients can take an active role in managing their disease.

There's no single best approach to uterine fibroid treatment — many treatment options exist. If you have symptoms, talk with your doctor about options for symptom relief. Watchful waiting Many women with uterine fibroids experience no signs or symptoms, or only mildly annoying signs and symptoms that they can live with. If that's the case for you, watchful waiting could be the best option. Fibroids aren't cancerous. They rarely interfere with pregnancy. They usually grow slowly — or not at all — and tend to shrink after menopause, when levels of reproductive hormones drop. Medications Medications for uterine fibroids target hormones that regulate your menstrual cycle, treating symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pressure. They don't eliminate fibroids, but may shrink them. Medications include: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) agonists. Medications called Gn-RH agonists (Lupron, Synarel, others) treat fibroids by blocking the production of estrogen and progesterone, putting you into a temporary postmenopausal state. As a result, menstruation stops, fibroids shrink and anemia often improves. Your doctor may prescribe a Gn-RH agonist to shrink the size of your fibroids before a planned surgery. Many women have significant hot flashes while using Gn-RH agonists. Gn-RH agonists typically are used for no more than three to six months because symptoms return when the medication is stopped and long-term use can cause loss of bone. Progestin-releasing intrauterine device (IUD). A progestin-releasing IUD can relieve heavy bleeding caused by fibroids. A progestin-releasing IUD provides symptom relief only and doesn't shrink fibroids or make them disappear. It also prevents pregnancy. Tranexamic acid (Lysteda). This nonhormonal medication is taken to ease heavy menstrual periods. It's taken only on heavy bleeding days. Other medications. Your doctor might recommend other medications. For example, oral contraceptives or progestins can help control menstrual bleeding, but they don't reduce fibroid size. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are not hormonal medications, may be effective in relieving pain related to fibroids, but they don't reduce bleeding caused by fibroids. Your doctor may also suggest that you take vitamins and iron if you have heavy menstrual bleeding and anemia

What happens to our bodies after we die?

Womb Fight amazing

A ganglion cyst is a tumor or swelling on top of a joint or the covering of a tendon (tissue that connects muscle to bone). It looks like a sac of liquid (cyst). Inside the cyst is a thick, sticky, clear, colorless, jellylike material. Depending on the size, cysts may feel firm or spongy.

Scientists in Switzerland proved in 2012 that electrical-chemical stimulation of the spinal cord could restore lower body movement in paralysed rats.

Despite the effective diagnostic and treatment options available today, Dr. Wolfe notes that he continues to see a high number of untreated scaphoid fractures that have progressed to nonunion. However, he adds that this may not be the result of a missed diagnosis, but rather more related to the relatively innocuous injury that causes a low level of suspicion. Recognition and awareness of scaphoid fractures is higher today among primary care providers, emergency room physicians, pediatricians, and sports trainers, but fully 15% of patients with suggestive physical findings and normal initial x-rays will have an “occult”, or concealed, scaphoid fracture. Specialized imaging studies are critical at an early stage to reduce the chance of scaphoid nonunion.

People with celiac disease may lose weight because their bodies are not able to absorb enough nutrients from food. Over time, a range of problems may develop as a result of the body's reaction to gluten — from skin rashes and lactose intolerance to infertility, bone weakness and nerve damage.