Common causes of the knee pain
Knee pain is very common and in this video we will present the most common problems that can cause pain in the knee. (Patella) itself, which is in front of the knee, or from the tendons that are attached to the kneecap (patellar tendon and quadricep tendon). One of the most common problems is patellar chondromalacia which is chronic pain due to the softening of the cartilage beneath the kneecap. The cartilage of the kneecap will have some erosions, defects, or holes from mild to complete inside the joint (exactly in the back of the kneecap).
• Pain in the front of the knee
• Occurs more in young people
• Becomes worse from climbing up stairs and going downstairs
Treatment is usually nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication, physical therapy, and surgery is very rare. Also in front of the kneecap, the patient may get pain due to prepatellar bursitis.
When there is prepatellar bursitis, the patient will see that the swelling, the inflammation, and the pain is located over the front of the kneecap. The bursa becomes inflamed and fills with fluid at the top of the knee, causing pain, swelling, tenderness and a lump in that area on top of the kneecap. If the pain is in front of the knee but below or above the patella, this may indicate that the patient has tendonitis. Patellar tendonitis is an overuse condition that often occurs in athletes who perform repetitive jumping activities. Patellar tendonitis is a knee pain that is associated with focal patellar tendon tenderness and it is usually activity related. It is located below the kneecap and is called "jumper's knee". Patellar tendonitis affects approximately 20% of jumping athletes. There will be tenderness to palpation at the distal pole of the patella in extension and not in flexion. Quadriceps inflexibility, atrophy and hamstring tightness are predisposing factors for this condition. Treatment is rest, anti-inflammatory medication, stretching and strengthening of the hamstrings and quadriceps. Use an eccentric exercise program. The early stages of patellar tendonitis will respond well to nonoperative treatment. Another important cause of knee pain is a meniscal tear. The meniscus is the cushion that protects the cartilage in the knee. Injury will cause pain on the medial or the lateral side of the knee exactly at the level of the joint. The patient will complain of a history of locking, instability and swelling of the knee. McMurray test will be positive. A painful pop or click is obtained as the knee is brought from flexion to extension with either internal or external rotation of the knee. Arthritis of the knee Knee arthritis is very common. The cartilage cells die with age and its repair response decreases in the joint collapses with increased breakdown of the framework of the cartilage. The patient will have progressive blurring away of the cartilage of the joint with decreased joint space as seen on x-rays. Another source of pain is the Baker's cyst. The cyst is in the back of the knee between the semimembranosus yes and the medial gastrocnemius muscles. Another important source of knee pain is a ligament injury. Here is a normal knee without a ligament injury. Here you can see from the front, you can see the lateral and medial collateral ligament. You can see the ACL and PCL from the side view. These ligaments are usually injured as a result of a sports activity. Here is an example of a sports knee injury. Here is an example of the medial collateral ligament injury. This is the most commonly injury knee ligament injury to this ligament is on the inner part of the knee. Here is an example of an injury of the anterior cruciate ligament. It involves a valgus stress to the knee. Lachman test is usually positive, and MRI is diagnostic. Another important cause of knee pain is iliotibial band syndrome of the knee. Inflammation of the thickening of the iliotibial band results from excessive friction as the iliotibial band slides over the lateral femoral condyle. The iliotibial band is a thick band of fascia that extends along the lateral thigh from the iliac crest to the knee. And as the knee moves, the IT band was repeatedly shifted forwards and backwards across the lateral femoral condyle. The patient will complain of swelling, tenderness, and crepitus over the lateral femoral condyle. The condition occurs in the ITB S occurs in runners, cyclist and athletes that require repeated knee flexion and extension. The pain may be reproduced by doing a single-leg squat. The Ober's test is used to at assess tightness of the iliotibial band. MRI may show edema in the area of the ITB. Treatment is usually nonoperative with rest and ice, physical therapy, with stretching, proprioception, and improvement in neuromuscular coordination. Training modification and injections may be helpful. Surgery is a last resort. Surgical excision of the scarred inflamed part of the iliotibial band.

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Coloscopy | Colon Polyp Resection | Polypectomy



Colonoscopies are essential for detecting colorectal abnormalities, including colon polyps. Polypectomy, the surgical removal of these growths, can prevent them from becoming cancerous. This article offers a brief overview of colonoscopies, colon polyps, and polypectomy procedures.

A colonoscopy is an endoscopic examination allowing healthcare providers to visualize the colon and rectum using a colonoscope. The colonoscope, a flexible tube with a camera and light source, helps detect abnormalities, including polyps or tumors.

Colon polyps are abnormal growths arising from the colon's inner lining. While most polyps are benign, some can become malignant. Adenomatous polyps have a higher potential to become cancerous, whereas hyperplastic and inflammatory polyps pose a lower risk.

Polypectomy involves removing colon polyps during a colonoscopy. Two primary techniques include snare polypectomy, using a wire loop to cut the polyp, and cold forceps polypectomy, which employs forceps to grasp and remove smaller polyps.

Following a polypectomy, patients may experience mild discomfort or bleeding. Regular surveillance is crucial to minimize colorectal cancer risk. The frequency of surveillance colonoscopies depends on the number, size, and type of polyps found, as well as the patient's overall risk factors.

Colonoscopies and polypectomies play vital roles in detecting and removing colon polyps, reducing the risk of colorectal cancer, and maintaining optimal colon health.


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Here’s how surgeons perform LASIK surgery.

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LASIK eye surgery has been popular for more than 20 years, with an estimated 20 million Americans undergoing the procedure to correct nearsightedness and improve distance vision. But some patients says the surgery has ruined their eyesight. Now an expert who once backed LASIK is campaigning to get it off the market. Dr. Tara Narula reports.

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Dr. Ankur Gupta of the Virginia Eye Institute discusses LASIK eye surgery as a method of correcting refractive errors. LASIK was first performed in Virginia on an FDA-approved laser by a VEI surgeon in 1996. Today, Virginia Eye Institute offers both conventional LASIK and custom LASIK with the bladeless IntraLase laser to precisely sculpt your cornea to correct refractive errors.

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His father, Dr. Joseph Dello Russo, helped turn Lasik eye surgery into the widespread procedure it is today. Now he explains a new technique and how it differs.

See what it’s like to get LASIK eye surgery from Lisa Homsy’s perspective. Keep watching until the end to see the final results!

Knee replacement involves replacing a knee joint that has been damaged or worn away, usually by arthritis or injury. Find out more here: https://www.bupa.co.uk/health-....information/knee-cli

Orthopedic surgeon Donald Polakoff, MD describes recovery time from knee replacement surgery.

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What to expect and how to prepare for your knee replacement surgery

Learn how the experienced providers at MMP - Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, and the MMC Joint Replacement Center create better outcomes for patients through pre-surgery physical therapy.

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0:35 Ankle Pumps
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Mohs Surgeon Dr. Leslie Christenson shows entire Mohs Surgery from start to finish. This is the full procedure and includes the entire surgery. Dr. Christenson talks about the procedure as she removes the skin cancer.

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Cholecystectomy means removal of the gallbladder. The most common reasons
your doctor might recommend a cholecystectomy are biliary colic, cholecystitis,
choledocolithiasis, or gallstone pancreatitis. Biliary colic, also known as symptomatic
cholelithiasis, is caused by gallstones, which are hardened deposits of bile. Gallstones are
common in the general population, and gallstones alone are not a reason for gallbladder
removal if they do not cause symptoms. However, sometimes gallstones can get caught at the
neck of the gallbladder, causing pain when the gallbladder contracts against them trying to
release its bile, especially after a fatty meal. With biliary colic, the pain typically resolves within
an hour or so. Occasionally, a stone or some other blockage may prevent the gallbladder from
emptying over a long period of time, causing an increase in pressure and trapped fluid within the
gallbladder. This can cause inflammation and infection of the gallbladder, which we call
cholecystitis. Choledocholithiasis is when there are one or more stones in the bile ducts, which
can cause back up of bile into the liver, and depending on the location of the stones, could
cause pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas. Other reasons for gallbladder
removal, though less common, are gallbladder polyps and cancer. All of these are reasons for
gallbladder removal.

Children are not little adults, which is why even the simplest of procedures requires a hospital that is 100 percent dedicated to caring for children. Children’s Mercy is one of only 10 centers in the country to be as recognized as a Level 1 Children’s Surgery Center, the highest possible rating. The result? An organization with pediatrics specialists in every subspecialty that sets the standard of care instead of just practicing it.

Dr. Matthew Slater talks about why cardiac surgery may be necessary if medications aren't an effective treatment option.