At each level of the spine, there is a disc space in the front and paired facet joints in the back. Working together, these structures define a motion segment (Fig. 1A). Back pain may re­sult when injury or degenerative changes allow abnormal movement of the vertebrae to rub against one another, known as an unstable motion segment (Fig. 1B). Two vertebrae need to be fused to stop the motion at one segment. For example, an L4-L5 fusion is a one-level spinal fusion (Fig. 1C). A two-level fusion joins three vertebrae together and so on.

Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty. While scoliosis can be caused by conditions such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy, the cause of most scoliosis is unknown.

Most women have vaginal discharge at many different times throughout their cycle. During ovulation, white and watery discharge is common and accepted as normal. But, discharge after ovulation is widely believed to be a sign of pregnancy.

Colon cancer usually begins as a non-cancerous growth. If caught early enough, it can be safely removed with little to no complications.

Overbite is a type or malocclusion or an overjet. A lot of people don’t realize that they have an overbite, as they believe their condition is not serious enough to obtain dental attention. This could also for the reason that other cases of overbites are so minor to be noticeable. However, others have serious overbite condition that can make the person’s top jaw look much larger or the bottom jaw significantly smaller. But one thing to remember, overbite can actually cause some dental problems. This condition can change the structure of your face and affect the way you talk. The most popular form of overbite correction is orthodontic treatment. Your dentist will fix the overbite with the help of rubber bands and dental braces to pull the upper teeth back. Tooth extraction may be suggested if overcrowding complicates the overbite so as to provide room for your front teeth. In extreme conditions, overbite surgery may be needed to place your jaw backwards or forwards. Furthermore, if severe overbite is not corrected during adulthood, the teeth may continue to shift and trigger dental issues such as gum disease.

This video: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have enlarged ovaries that contain small collections of fluid — called follicles — located in each ovary as seen during an ultrasound exam. Infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods, excess hair growth, acne, and obesity can all occur in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. In adolescents, infrequent or absent menstruation may raise suspicion for the condition. The exact cause of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown. Early diagnosis and treatment along with weight loss may reduce the risk of long-term complications, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a very common disorder and refers to a group of conditions where there is accumulation of excess fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. The most common form of NAFLD is a non serious condition called fatty liver.

Hyponatremia is a condition that occurs when the level of sodium in your blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an electrolyte, and it helps regulate the amount of water that's in and around your cells. In hyponatremia, one or more factors — ranging from an underlying medical condition to drinking too much water during endurance sports — causes the sodium in your body to become diluted. When this happens, your body's water levels rise, and your cells begin to swell. This swelling can cause many health problems, from mild to life-threatening. Hyponatremia treatment is aimed at resolving the underlying condition. Depending on the cause of hyponatremia, you may simply need to cut back on how much you drink. In other cases of hyponatremia, you may need intravenous fluids and medications

A craniotomy involves making an incision in the scalp and creating a hole known as a bone flap in the skull. The hole and incision are made near the area of the brain being treated. During open brain surgery, your surgeon may opt to: remove tumors. clip off an aneurysm

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). It’s caused by infection with the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It tends to infect warm, moist areas of the body, including the: urethra (the tube that drains urine from the urinary bladder) eyes throat vagina anus female reproductive tract (the fallopian tubes, cervix, and uterus) Gonorrhea passes from person to person through unprotected oral, anal, or vaginal sex. People with numerous sexual partners or those who don’t use a condom are at greatest risk of infection. The best protections against infection are abstinence, monogamy (sex with only one partner), and proper condom usage. Behaviors that make a person more likely to engage in unprotected sex also increase the likelihood of infection. These behaviors include alcohol abuse and illegal drug abuse, particularly intravenous drug use.

Symptoms of liver failure include vomiting, diarrhea and fatigue as well as the symptoms from stage 3. While the progression from cirrhosis to failure can take years, the damage is irreversible and leads to eventual death. The key to treating liver disease is to diagnose the condition as early as possible.

A proper embolectomy should have a good proximal and distal flow to the arteriotomy :)

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This multi award winning video talks about a time of increased demands on our healthcare system and healthcare providers, ensuring that each and every patient and their family members are provided with compassionate care is a massive goal, but one that the staff at the Royal Alexandra Hospital are pursuing every day. Good quality care is always important, but caring for our patients is what they will really remember.

Ruth’s testimonial on her amazing experience with cosmetic dental procedures offered by Dr Jamil Alkhoury at Brentwood Family Dental

For benign colorectal diseases, totally laparoscopic left-sided colectomy was already reported on some papers. Nowadays, there is increasingly demanded minimally invasive surgerys on malignant bowel diseases including colorectal cancers and so we developed the new techniques in that specimen is del...ivered through the open rectal stump, especially, using Sani Sleeve(TM). In this operation video, you can see that an anvil was fixed to proximal colonic stump with intracorporeal purse-string suture using Endo-stitch(TM). (SETA : Specimen Extraction Through Anus)

A meningioma is a tumor that arises from the meninges — the membranes that surround your brain and spinal cord. Most meningiomas are noncancerous (benign), though rarely a meningioma may be cancerous (malignant). Some meningiomas are classified as atypical, meaning they're neither benign nor malignant but, rather, something in between.

The vulvar vaginal diseases service sees referrals to help women with short--and long--term problems of the outer genital area (vulva), vagina and pelvic floor muscles including: Vulvar vaginal burning, itching, irritation and pain Vulvar Vestibulitis Pain with intercourse Discharge Yeast infections Bacterial vaginosis Pelvic floor muscle dysfunction A patient must be referred by her local health care provider. Services include: Skin care education Examinations-Your healthcare provider will examine you and talk with you about recommendations for treatment and/or management of your symptoms. Some vulvar diseases require a biopsy to diagnose the condition. Referrals-Your healthcare team may refer you to other specialists, including physical therapists or health psychologists. Separate insurance authorization is necessary for these services. The clinic staff provides general education and support to help women cope with these very personal health problems. Following a clinic visit, a letter is promptly sent to your local health care provider. The letter provides the results of your exam and the plan of care.