If you look at someone’s back, you’ll see that the spine runs straight down the middle. When a person has scoliosis, their backbone curves to the side. The angle of the curve may be small, large or somewhere in between. But anything that measures more than 10 degrees is considered scoliosis. Doctors may use the letters “C” and “S” to describe the curve of the backbone. You probably don’t look directly at too many spines, but what you might notice about someone with scoliosis is the way they stand. They may lean a little or have shoulders or hips that look uneven. What Causes Scoliosis? In as many as 80% of cases, doctors don’t find the exact reason for a curved spine. Scoliosis without a known cause is what doctors call “idiopathic.” Some kinds of scoliosis do have clear causes. Doctors divide those curves into two types -- structural and nonstructural. In nonstructural scoliosis, the spine works normally, but looks curved. Why does this happen? There are a number of reasons, such as one leg’s being longer than the other, muscle spasms, and inflammations like appendicitis. When these problems are treated, this type of scoliosis often goes away.

Could this be a viable alternative to open heart surgery?

Finger Abscess Incision and Drainage. Digital block with drainage.

Perineal Protectomy for Rectal Prolapse

Insulin is a hormone made naturally in the pancreas that helps move sugar into the cells of your body. Your cells use the sugar as fuel to make energy. Without enough insulin, sugar stays in your bloodstream, raising your blood sugar. High blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, can lead to the signs and symptoms of diabetes:

http://www.landging.com/accident-animation-sports-injury-soccer.html
This accident animation demonstrates sports injury in soccer game.

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Chapters

0:00 Introduction
1:04 Why do doctors perform laparoscopy?
2:11 How is laparoscopy performed?
3:22 Result
3:47 Risk of laparoscopy

Laparoscopy (from Ancient Greek λαπάρα (lapára) 'flank, side', and σκοπέω (skopéō) 'to see') is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis using small incisions (usually 0.5–1.5 cm) with the aid of a camera. The laparoscope aids diagnosis or therapeutic interventions with a few small cuts in the abdomen.[1]

Laparoscopic surgery, also called minimally invasive procedure, bandaid surgery, or keyhole surgery, is a modern surgical technique. There are a number of advantages to the patient with laparoscopic surgery versus an exploratory laparotomy. These include reduced pain due to smaller incisions, reduced hemorrhaging, and shorter recovery time. The key element is the use of a laparoscope, a long fiber optic cable system that allows viewing of the affected area by snaking the cable from a more distant, but more easily accessible location.

Laparoscopic surgery includes operations within the abdominal or pelvic cavities, whereas keyhole surgery performed on the thoracic or chest cavity is called thoracoscopic surgery. Specific surgical instruments used in laparoscopic surgery include obstetrical forceps, scissors, probes, dissectors, hooks, and retractors. Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery belong to the broader field of endoscopy. The first laparoscopic procedure was performed by German surgeon Georg Kelling in 1901. There are two types of laparoscope:[2]

A telescopic rod lens system, usually connected to a video camera (single-chip or three-chip)
A digital laparoscope where a miniature digital video camera is placed at the end of the laparoscope, eliminating the rod lens system

The mechanism mentioned in the second type is mainly used to improve the image quality of flexible endoscopes, replacing conventional fiberscopes. Nevertheless, laparoscopes are rigid endoscopes. Rigidity is required in clinical practice. The rod-lens-based laparoscopes dominate overwhelmingly in practice, due to their fine optical resolution (50 µm typically, dependent on the aperture size used in the objective lens), and the image quality can be better than that of the digital camera if necessary. The second type of laparoscope is very rare in the laparoscope market and in hospitals.[citation needed]

Also attached is a fiber optic cable system connected to a "cold" light source (halogen or xenon) to illuminate the operative field, which is inserted through a 5 mm or 10 mm cannula or trocar. The abdomen is usually insufflated with carbon dioxide gas. This elevates the abdominal wall above the internal organs to create a working and viewing space. CO2 is used because it is common to the human body and can be absorbed by tissue and removed by the respiratory system. It is also non-flammable, which is important because electrosurgical devices are commonly used in laparoscopic procedures.[3]
Procedures
Surgeons perform laparoscopic stomach surgery.
Patient position

During the laparoscopic procedure, the position of the patient is either in Trendelenburg position or in reverse Trendelenburg. These positions have an effect on cardiopulmonary function. In Trendelenburg's position, there is an increased preload due to an increase in the venous return from lower extremities. This position results in cephalic shifting of the viscera, which accentuates the pressure on the diaphragm. In the case of reverse Trendelenburg position, pulmonary function tends to improve as there is a caudal shifting of viscera, which improves tidal volume by a decrease in the pressure on the diaphragm. This position also decreases the preload on the heart and causes a decrease in the venous return leading to hypotension. The pooling of blood in the lower extremities increases the stasis and predisposes the patient to develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT).[4]
Gallbladder

Rather than a minimum 20 cm incision as in traditional (open) cholecystectomy, four incisions of 0.5–1.0 cm, or more recently, a single incision of 1.5–2.0 cm,[5] will be sufficient to perform a laparoscopic removal of a gallbladder. Since the gallbladder is similar to a small balloon that stores and releases bile, it can usually be removed from the abdomen by suctioning out the bile and then removing the deflated gallbladder through the 1 cm incision at the patient's navel. The length of postoperative stay in the hospital is minimal, and same-day discharges are possible in cases of early morning procedures.[citation needed]
Colon and kidney

Here's how female-to-male gender reassignment surgery works.

En Bloc Esophageal Mucosectomy, an experimental technique for the endolumenal management of Barrett's related dysplasia and neoplasia. High grade dysplasia is in indication for esophagectomy; however esophagectomy has a mortality rate up to 12 percent, and up to 56 percent of patients may develop s...erious post-operative complications. Multiple ablated lesions can progress under the neo-squamous layer, leading to buried Barrett's mucosa. With conventional piecemeal EMR, cautery effect limits evaluation in areas of interest, Barrett's epithelium is left behind, tissue is not evaluated in situ and invasive lesions may be missed due to incomplete sampling. A new technique, en bloc esophageal mucosectomy, or EEM, was developed. The technique begins with conventional EMR in the proximal esophagus to access the submucosal space. Conventional EMR is being performed here. The mucosa is resected using an electrothermal snare. The mucosal defect from the first EMR is seen here. EMR is then repeated on the opposing wall. Sequential EMR creates a complete concentric mucosal defect. In the following sequence the completely detached column of mucosa can be seen, bounded by submucosa and muscularis propria layers. Here in the stomach, the endoscope is retroflexed and is covered by a sleeve of esophageal mucosa which has been freed to the GE junction and inverted. This sequence demonstrates a double snare technique. This snare is alongside the endoscope. The snare has been passed through the working channel. The working channel snare is pulled back, and the snare alongside the scope is used to grasp the mucosal column. With tension on the column the working channel snare can be threatened and advanced. This sequence shows the snare as it is being passed down to the GE junction. At the GE junction, the snare is tightened and cautery is applied. This frees the column of mucosal tissue from the remaining attachment. The endoscope is then withdrawn. Then detached mucosal column can be grasped with a snare and retrieved. In the following sequence, the long column of mucosa is being withdrawn via the overtube. Here, endoscopic forceps have been passed through the column to demonstrates the concentric nature of the specimen. The length of mucosa can be seen here alongside 2 conventional EMR specimens. Approximately 15cm of tissues was removed in this case. On endoscopy immediately following the resection, there is no bleeding or evidence of perforation in the area of resection. The endoscope is advanced and the exposed submucosa can be appreciated down to the GE junction. This is the low power view of the histologic specimen generated by EEM. Metaplastic tissue adjacent to a dysplastic focus would be completely removed. With a high power view, the layers of the esophagus can be appreciated. The epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa and submucosa are visible, with no cautery artifact in the area of interest. The technique would remove metplasia, low grade dysplasia, high grade dysplasia, and intramucosal carcinoma, as well a T 1 a lesions. All the animals in this series tolerated the procedure well. A total of five non-survival procedures and 4 survival procedures were performed. In the survival procedures, all four swine thrived in the post-operative period. Two swine were then survived for 9 days following the procedure. On post —op day nine, after passing into the upper esophagus, the proximal margin of the mucosectomy is seen here. Healing appears to be occurring. There is no evidence of leak, and no stricting is seen at 9 days down to the GE junction Passing into the stomach, some residual feed can be seen. Two swine were then survived for 13 days. On this follow-up endoscopy, the area of the mucosectomy is again healing. There was a loose stricture in both animals and both were easily traversed with a 9.8 mm gastroscope. There was a gross appearance of re-epitheliazation in some areas. It is notable that the stricture was present in the proximal esophagus with no narrowing distally. At necropsy there was not eviden

Doctor makes magic - Doctor hace magia (Sorprendente) - Doctor Magic

This 3D medical animation contains the discharge instructions for removal of a Foley catheter from a man. The step-by-step procedures for emptying the Foley bag and removing the Foley catheter are shown. Symptoms requiring a follow-up call to the surgeon are listed.

Cardiovascular Examination Clinical skills - Medical School Revision - Dr Gill

The cardiac exam is one of the clinical skills that medical students learn completely, as more often than not, patients will consult regularly about chest pain, and it is important to be able to identify key cardiovascular signs

As a junior doctor, the examination of the cardiovascular system can be almost a dreaded examination, as cardiac murmurs can literally take years of exposure in order to gain confidence with their identification through cardiac auscultation.

This video demonstrates not merely the examination of the heart, but the complete cardiovascular system including its peripheries.

I hope these clinical skill revision videos are helpful, please like and subscribe and join the community so that we can create more effective videos to help with your journey through medical school

#ClinicalExamination #ASMR #drgill
Some people have found this video useful for ASMR

A cervical herniated disc may be treated by removing part of the disc through a small incision (microdiscectomy). If this is done from the back (posteriorly) rather than from the front of the neck, a spinal fusion is not necessary. The alternative is an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion procedure.

Video shows a Hip resurfacing operation done using the Durom hip from Zimmer.
The patient is a young active male. Hip resurfacing is emerging as the surgical procedure of choice in young and active patients for pain relief from Hip arthritis.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistent opening between two major blood vessels leading from the heart. The opening, called the ductus arteriosus, is a normal part of a baby's circulatory system before birth that usually closes shortly after birth. If it remains open, however, it's called a patent ductus arteriosus.

This tutorial explains the difference in mechanisms between the 2 palsies. Bulbar palsy is a lower motor neuron condition and pseudobulbar palsy is an upper motor neuron condidtion.

Dilation and curettage (D&C) is a procedure to remove tissue from inside your uterus. Doctors perform dilation and curettage to diagnose and treat certain uterine conditions — such as heavy bleeding — or to clear the uterine lining after a miscarriage or abortion.

Subscribe and 🔔 to the BBC 👉 https://bit.ly/BBCYouTubeSub
Watch the BBC first on iPlayer 👉 https://bbc.in/iPlayer-Home http://www.bbc.co.uk/human Richard Edwards undergoes a double hand transplant in which his hands are amputated and replaced with hands from a donor. This is the first time this has been done. Three months later the new hands are already changing his life.

#bbc
All our TV channels and S4C are available to watch live through BBC iPlayer, although some programmes may not be available to stream online due to rights. If you would like to read more on what types of programmes are available to watch live, check the 'Are all programmes that are broadcast available on BBC iPlayer?' FAQ 👉 https://bbc.in/2m8ks6v.

Although the exact cause of abdominal aortic aneurysms is unknown, a number of factors may play a role, including: Tobacco use. ... Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). ... High blood pressure. ... Blood vessel diseases in the aorta. ... Infection in the aorta. ... Trauma. ... Heredity.

Vaginal Hysterectomy Procedure of a 42 years old female patient with a 3 months history of symptomatic vaginal bulge