Thoracentesis is a procedure to remove fluid or air from around the lungs. A needle is put through the chest wall into the pleural space. The pleural space is the thin gap between the pleura. The pleura are a double layer of membranes that surrounds the lungs.

En Bloc Esophageal Mucosectomy, an experimental technique for the endolumenal management of Barrett's related dysplasia and neoplasia. High grade dysplasia is in indication for esophagectomy; however esophagectomy has a mortality rate up to 12 percent, and up to 56 percent of patients may develop s...erious post-operative complications. Multiple ablated lesions can progress under the neo-squamous layer, leading to buried Barrett's mucosa. With conventional piecemeal EMR, cautery effect limits evaluation in areas of interest, Barrett's epithelium is left behind, tissue is not evaluated in situ and invasive lesions may be missed due to incomplete sampling. A new technique, en bloc esophageal mucosectomy, or EEM, was developed. The technique begins with conventional EMR in the proximal esophagus to access the submucosal space. Conventional EMR is being performed here. The mucosa is resected using an electrothermal snare. The mucosal defect from the first EMR is seen here. EMR is then repeated on the opposing wall. Sequential EMR creates a complete concentric mucosal defect. In the following sequence the completely detached column of mucosa can be seen, bounded by submucosa and muscularis propria layers. Here in the stomach, the endoscope is retroflexed and is covered by a sleeve of esophageal mucosa which has been freed to the GE junction and inverted. This sequence demonstrates a double snare technique. This snare is alongside the endoscope. The snare has been passed through the working channel. The working channel snare is pulled back, and the snare alongside the scope is used to grasp the mucosal column. With tension on the column the working channel snare can be threatened and advanced. This sequence shows the snare as it is being passed down to the GE junction. At the GE junction, the snare is tightened and cautery is applied. This frees the column of mucosal tissue from the remaining attachment. The endoscope is then withdrawn. Then detached mucosal column can be grasped with a snare and retrieved. In the following sequence, the long column of mucosa is being withdrawn via the overtube. Here, endoscopic forceps have been passed through the column to demonstrates the concentric nature of the specimen. The length of mucosa can be seen here alongside 2 conventional EMR specimens. Approximately 15cm of tissues was removed in this case. On endoscopy immediately following the resection, there is no bleeding or evidence of perforation in the area of resection. The endoscope is advanced and the exposed submucosa can be appreciated down to the GE junction. This is the low power view of the histologic specimen generated by EEM. Metaplastic tissue adjacent to a dysplastic focus would be completely removed. With a high power view, the layers of the esophagus can be appreciated. The epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa and submucosa are visible, with no cautery artifact in the area of interest. The technique would remove metplasia, low grade dysplasia, high grade dysplasia, and intramucosal carcinoma, as well a T 1 a lesions. All the animals in this series tolerated the procedure well. A total of five non-survival procedures and 4 survival procedures were performed. In the survival procedures, all four swine thrived in the post-operative period. Two swine were then survived for 9 days following the procedure. On post —op day nine, after passing into the upper esophagus, the proximal margin of the mucosectomy is seen here. Healing appears to be occurring. There is no evidence of leak, and no stricting is seen at 9 days down to the GE junction Passing into the stomach, some residual feed can be seen. Two swine were then survived for 13 days. On this follow-up endoscopy, the area of the mucosectomy is again healing. There was a loose stricture in both animals and both were easily traversed with a 9.8 mm gastroscope. There was a gross appearance of re-epitheliazation in some areas. It is notable that the stricture was present in the proximal esophagus with no narrowing distally. At necropsy there was not eviden

A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood outside the brain. Subdural hematomas are usually caused by severe head injuries. The bleeding and increased pressure on the brain from a subdural hematoma can be life-threatening.

If you look at someone’s back, you’ll see that the spine runs straight down the middle. When a person has scoliosis, their backbone curves to the side. The angle of the curve may be small, large or somewhere in between. But anything that measures more than 10 degrees is considered scoliosis. Doctors may use the letters “C” and “S” to describe the curve of the backbone. You probably don’t look directly at too many spines, but what you might notice about someone with scoliosis is the way they stand. They may lean a little or have shoulders or hips that look uneven. What Causes Scoliosis? In as many as 80% of cases, doctors don’t find the exact reason for a curved spine. Scoliosis without a known cause is what doctors call “idiopathic.” Some kinds of scoliosis do have clear causes. Doctors divide those curves into two types -- structural and nonstructural. In nonstructural scoliosis, the spine works normally, but looks curved. Why does this happen? There are a number of reasons, such as one leg’s being longer than the other, muscle spasms, and inflammations like appendicitis. When these problems are treated, this type of scoliosis often goes away.

Subscribe and 🔔 to the BBC 👉 https://bit.ly/BBCYouTubeSub
Watch the BBC first on iPlayer 👉 https://bbc.in/iPlayer-Home http://www.bbc.co.uk/human Richard Edwards undergoes a double hand transplant in which his hands are amputated and replaced with hands from a donor. This is the first time this has been done. Three months later the new hands are already changing his life.

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All our TV channels and S4C are available to watch live through BBC iPlayer, although some programmes may not be available to stream online due to rights. If you would like to read more on what types of programmes are available to watch live, check the 'Are all programmes that are broadcast available on BBC iPlayer?' FAQ 👉 https://bbc.in/2m8ks6v.

Trigger finger, also known as stenosing tenosynovitis (stuh-NO-sing ten-o-sin-o-VIE-tis), is a condition in which one of your fingers gets stuck in a bent position. Your finger may straighten with a snap — like a trigger being pulled and released. Trigger finger occurs when inflammation narrows the space within the sheath that surrounds the tendon in the affected finger. If trigger finger is severe, your finger may become locked in a bent position. People whose work or hobbies require repetitive gripping actions are at higher risk of developing trigger finger. The condition is also more common in women and in anyone with diabetes. Treatment of trigger finger varies depending on the severity.

Scleral fixated IOLs in case of inadequacy of capsular support and scleral sutured capsular tension rings when adequate zonular support is inavailable have been recently used in cataract surgery. In these techniques, polypropylene suture is used and the suture ends over the sclera after the knot ha...s been formed, may erode the conjunctiva and become exposed. Thus, the erosion may lead to the development of endophtalmitis. In order to prevent the aforementioned complication, scleral flaps, otologous cornea, duramater or fascia lata patches have been used to cover the knot and rotation of the knot into the tissues has been described.

Ettore Vulcano, MD, Foot and Ankle Orthopedic Surgeon at Mount Sinai West, discusses a new minimally invasive bunion surgery that has patients walking immediately after surgery, and getting back to an active lifestyle much quicker than with the traditional surgery.

Over one million Americans have the sexually transmitted virus, HIV, which can lead to the deadly disease known as AIDS.
HIV can be transmitted in the sexual fluids, blood or breast milk of an infected person. HIV prevention therefore involves a wide range of activities including prevention of mother-to-child transmission, needle exchanges and harm reduction for injecting drug users, and precautions for health care workers.

The video is about the evolution of the anatomic UCLA laparoscopic technique over 1325 cases and demonstrates the key steps of our operation to improve patient safety and outcomes.

Learn more at http://urology.ucla.edu

Shingles is a painful skin rash camera.gif. It is caused by the varicella zoster virus. Shingles usually appears in a band, a strip, or a small area on one side of the face or body. It is also called herpes zoster. Shingles is most common in older adults and people who have weak immune systems because of stress, injury, certain medicines, or other reasons. Most people who get shingles will get better and will not get it again. But it is possible to get shingles more than once.

A cervical rib in humans is an extra rib which arises from the seventh cervical vertebra. Sometimes known as "neck ribs", their presence is a congenital abnormality located above the normal first rib. A cervical rib is estimated to occur in 0.2% (1 in 500 people) to 0.5% of the population.

Cardioversion is a medical procedure by which an abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia) or cardiac arrhythmia is converted to a normal rhythm using electricity or drugs. Synchronized electrical cardioversion uses a therapeutic dose of electric current to the heart at a specific moment in the cardiac cycle.

open multi puncture testicular biopsy to retrieve sperm for ICSI (IntaCytoplasmic Sperm Injection) Procedure video

The infection is generally transmitted by direct contact with the mucus or sores of someone else with strep. Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Rarely, complications can involve the heart or kidneys. Treatment is important to reduce complications. Oral antibiotics like penicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, or azithromycin are commonly used. Other medicines such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help with pain and fever.

Train with some of the region’s very best pediatric general surgeons — in a two-year, pediatric surgical fellowship training program at Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children. Our hospital’s Division of Pediatric Surgery is offering this program in affiliation with Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University .

The goal of the fellowship is to give individuals who have completed an accredited general surgery residency advanced knowledge and training in the management and surgical treatment of newborns, infants and children.

Our Fellowship Program
This fellowship will help you prepare for certification by the American Board of Surgery, and is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME).

The Pediatric Surgery Fellowship aims to:

train a well-rounded, empathetic, safe pediatric surgeon who is confident managing all aspects of the surgical care of children.
steward our fellow in quality improvement projects and methodology, and provide research opportunities.
provide a rigorous didactic curriculum for our fellow utilizing 360 degree feedback.
cultivate opportunities for our fellow to educate residents and students.
encourage our fellow to collaborate across specialties.
develop our fellow’s presentation skills during M&M conferences and multi-disciplinary educational meetings.
The program features the full participation of all nine of the pediatric surgical division’s full-time faculty members. Each of these physicians will contribute greatly to your education. Your training will include operating room and outpatient clinic experience, as well as bedside evaluation of children. You’ll also play a role in the organization of formal teaching conferences, held weekly. Formal rotations will be spent on Pediatric Urology, PICU and Neonatology during the first 12 months. The last year will be spent entirely on the Pediatric Surgical Service.
The majority of your inpatient consultative time will take place at Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, a freestanding children’s hospital in Wilmington, Del. The hospital:

is nationally ranked by U.S. News & World Report in eight pediatric specialties
recently opened expansion with 260 beds
performs more than 2,800 inpatient and 9,300 outpatient surgical procedures each year in our operating rooms
has an on-site delivery center for newborns with complex congenital anomalies
receives more than 50,000 annual visits in our Emergency Department (ED)
is accredited by The American College of Surgeons as a Level One Pediatric Trauma Center
is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF)


Visit https://www.nemours.org/educat....ion/gme/fellowships/ to learn more.

To understand high blood cholesterol (ko-LES-ter-ol), it helps to learn about cholesterol. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that’s found in all cells of the body. Your body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help you digest foods. Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs. However, cholesterol also is found in some of the foods you eat. Cholesterol travels through your bloodstream in small packages called lipoproteins (lip-o-PRO-teens). These packages are made of fat (lipid) on the inside and proteins on the outside. Two kinds of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout your body: low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Having healthy levels of both types of lipoproteins is important. LDL cholesterol sometimes is called “bad” cholesterol. A high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries. (Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your body.) HDL cholesterol sometimes is called “good” cholesterol. This is because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. Your liver removes the cholesterol from your body.

This 3D medical animation contains the discharge instructions for removal of a Foley catheter from a man. The step-by-step procedures for emptying the Foley bag and removing the Foley catheter are shown. Symptoms requiring a follow-up call to the surgeon are listed.

Vasectomy is a minor surgical procedure wherein the vasa deferentia of a man are severed, and then tied or sealed in a manner such to prevent sperm from entering the seminal stream (ejaculate). Typically done in an outpatient setting, a traditional vasectomy involves numbing (local anesthetic) of the scrotum after which 1 (or 2) small incisions are made, allowing a surgeon to gain access to the vas deferens.

Here's how female-to-male gender reassignment surgery works.