Binding and Fusion: HIV begins its life cycle
when it binds to a CD4 receptor and one of two
co-receptors on the surface of a CD4+
Tlymphocyte. The virus then fuses with the host
cell. After fusion, the virus releases RNA, its
genetic material, into the host cell.

Reverse Transcription: An HIV enzyme
called reverse transcriptase converts the singlestranded HIV RNA to double-stranded HIV DNA.

Integration: The newly formed HIV DNA
enters the host cell's nucleus, where an HIV
enzyme called integrase "hides" the HIV DNA
within the host cell's own DNA. The integrated
HIV DNA is called provirus. The provirus may
remain inactive for several years, producing few or
no new copies of HIV

Transcription: When the host cell receives a
signal to become active, the provirus uses a host
enzyme called RNA polymerase to create copies of
the HIV genomic material, as well as shorter
strands of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA).
The mRNA is used as a blueprint to make long
chains of HIV proteins.

Assembly: An HIV enzyme called protease cuts
the long chains of HIV proteins into smaller
individual proteins. As the smaller HIV proteins
come together with copies of HIV's RNA genetic
material, a new virus particle is assembled.

Budding: The newly assembled virus pushes out
("buds") from the host cell. During budding, the new
virus steals part of the cell's outer envelope. This
envelope, which acts as a covering, is studded with
protein/sugar combinations called HIV
glycoproteins. These HIV glycoproteins are
necessary for the virus to bind CD4 and coreceptors. The new copies of HIV can now move
on to infect other cells.

Marfan syndrome is a disorder of connective tissue, the tissue that strengthens the body's structures. Disorders of connective tissue affect the skeletal system, cardiovascular system, eyes, and skin.

The purpose of an ELISA is to determine if a particular protein is present in a sample and if so, how much. There are two main variations on this method: you can determine how much antibody is in a sample, or you can determine how much protein is bound by an antibody. The distinction is whether you are trying to quantify an antibody or some other protein. In this example, we will use an ELISA to determine how much of a particular antibody is present in an individuals blood.

ELISAs are performed in 96-well plates which permits high throughput results. The bottom of each well is coated with a protein to which will bind the antibody you want to measure. Whole blood is allowed to clot and the cells are centrifuged out to obtain the clear serum with antibodies (called primary antibodies). The serum is incubated in a well, and each well contains a different serum (see figure below). A positive control serum and a negative control serum would be included among the 96 samples being tested.

A new approach to health care working with patients and doctors to streamline the process and makes it easier and more efficient to get health care they need.

Holoprosencephally

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How to keep those creepy crawly lice from pestering your family’s scalps– tips on prevention and removal.

Mitral Valve Repair video

http://www.paruresistreatment.norisk101.com Having trouble urinating in the presence of others? Is a friend or family member struggling with this problem? The following article offers some insight into this social anxiety disorder.
What is Shy Bladder Syndrome?
shy or bashful bladder syndrome, is properly titled Paruresis.It is a phobia that involves fear and avoidance of using public toilets. It should be mentioned that this form of urinary retention is not the result of a physical blockage in the body. People who suffer from paruresis have trouble urinating in the presence of others or put another way paruresis is the fear of not being able to urinate unless one is in absolute privacy.The symptoms can vary in severity . This social anxiety disorder can affect a person's quality of life in many ways. Paruretics are confronted with problems at work with a prime example being when they have to submit a urine sample for drug testing, traveling on long journeys via airplane or train to every day social situations that the rest of us take for granted.
What causes paruresis?
The cause of paruresis is hotly debated and not easily determined in some cases. It could start as a toddler in preschool, in adolescence, or even in adulthood. While not all paruretics can point to an event in their life that could have lit the fuse to their shy bladder syndrome, some look to a traumatic incident in their past including embarrassment by a parent, teasing by schoolmates or freinds and siblings, harassment in public bathrooms or even sexual abuse as the catalyst.
How common is Shy Bladder?
While definitive numbers are hard to find with regard to how many people suffer from shy bladder surveys performed over the last few decades show that the numbers could range from less than one percent to more than 25 percent of Americans. There was a study done in 1994 called the National Comorbidity Surveywhich showed that 6.6 percent (17 million people) of the populationare fearful of using the toilet away from home, although it is uncertain how many of these fears were related to the difficulties initiating urinating in public bathrooms.
Paruresis symptoms?
A common scenario for how shy bladder syndrome evolves in a person's life is as follows: After an initial unpleasant experience, the person anticipates difficulty urinating whenever entering a bathroom. After trying to make themselves overcome this fear and failing, the associated anxiety with performance reduces the individual's chances even further of the possibility of urinating in a public restroom. The sufferer then adjusts to the condition by urinating as much as possible while at home, restricting how much they drink and avoiding social events that will keep them away from home for too long.

How is Shy Bladder Syndrome treated?
It is recommended that a sufferer of paruresis should first visit a urologist to make sure there is nothing physically wrong with them.
The urologist will:
A) make sure there are no underlying physical problems.
B)Let the patient know they are not alone and that any other people suffer with the same problem
C) Offer guidance as to approaches for coping with the condition such as scheduling urination, and, for men making use of an enclosed cubicle as opposed to the urinal.
4) Discuss the possibility of self-catheterization if the patient feels that would work for them. It is a way to offer an instant way to improve their quality of life through being able to be more social.
5) Referring them out to a specialist dealing with anxiety disorders for cognitive and graduated exposure therapy.

There is new hope for sufferers of shy bladder syndrome with the "Paruresis Treatment System" which is helping people lead different and better lives.
To learn more visit:-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6TpU_0-ufw
~N

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La palmitoiletanolamide (PeaVera, PeaPure, Palmidrol, Achille e altri PEA prodotti rappresenta una rivoluzione nel trattamento del dolore. Si tratta di un efficace analgesico naturale, senza effetti collaterali. La sua azione è stata documentata in molte centinaia di articoli scientifici. Il suo meccanismo è stato scoperto dalla professoressa Rita Levi Montalcini, premio Nobel per la medicina.

Qui è disponibile una breve introduzione su questa sostanza particolare. (Qui Informazioni per i medici) PEA è disponibile in Italia dal 2007 ed è stata classificata dal Ministero della Salute italiano come alimento dietetico per fini medici speciali.

Recent studies show that administration of PEA in glaucoma patients has a double effect, decrease the IOP and neuroprotection. The IOP is the major risk factor in glaucoma, constricts blood vessels and reduces the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the retina and optic nerve (ON), causing a process of ischemia and cell death (apoptosis).
New research points out palmitoylethanolamide has a dual action in glaucoma:

1. It reduces high eye pressure by promoting fluid flow out of the eye, and

2. PEA protects nerve cells and retina cells via its neuroprotective and reparative properties.

In the Youtube the essence of the natural treatment of glaucoma with palmitoylethanolamide has been summarized. Daily dose: 2-3 times 400 mg palmitoylethanolamide. Literature on this topic on http://palmitoylethanolamide4pain.com/2015/02/20/youtube-on-palmitoylethanolamide-as-a-natural-treatment-for-glaucoma/

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Bacterial infections are common health issues caused by pathogenic bacteria.

An amputation is the removal of an extremity or appendage from the body. Amputations in the upper extremity can occur as a result of trauma, or they can be performed in the treatment of congenital or acquired conditions. Although successful replantation represents a technical triumph to the surgeon, the patient's best interests should direct the treatment of amputations. The goals involved in the treatment of amputations of the upper extremity include the following : Preservation of functional length Durable coverage Preservation of useful sensibility Prevention of symptomatic neuromas Prevention of adjacent joint contractures Early return to work Early prosthetic fitting These goals apply differently to different levels of amputation. Treatment of amputations can be challenging and rewarding. It is imperative that the surgeon treat the patient with the ultimate goal of optimizing function and rehabilitation and not become absorbed in the enthusiasm of the technical challenge of the replantation, which could result in poorer outcome and greater financial cost due to lost wages, hospitalization, and therapy.

External cephalic version, or version, is a procedure used to turn a fetus from a breech position or side-lying (transverse) position into a head-down (vertex) position before labor begins. When successful, version makes it possible for you to try a vaginal birth.