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Gallstones (cholelithiasis)
Gallstones (cholelithiasis) samer kareem 1,932 Views • 3 years ago

Cholelithiasis involves the presence of gallstones (see the image below), which are concretions that form in the biliary tract, usually in the gallbladder. Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of 1 or more gallstones in the common bile duct (CBD).

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic Hormone
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic Hormone samer kareem 1,338 Views • 3 years ago

What is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? Well, SIADH is a condition where too much ADH hormone is released, which causes an increase in blood volume and ultimately leads to a series of complications related to the blood osmolality and osmolarity

Encephalopathy
Encephalopathy samer kareem 7,024 Views • 3 years ago

Encephalopathy means disorder or disease of the brain. In modern usage, encephalopathy does not refer to a single disease, but rather to a syndrome of global brain dysfunction; this syndrome can have many different organic and inorganic causes.

Bone Tumors
Bone Tumors samer kareem 5,168 Views • 3 years ago

Bone tumors include abnormal healing of an injury, inherited conditions, radiation therapy. It can also be caused by bone cancer or another cancer that has spread to the bone from other parts of the body. A bone tumor may cause a painless mass. Some people have dull, aching pain. And in some cases, minor injury causes a fracture near the tumor. Treatments include surgery and radiation. Some noncancerous tumors go away without treatment

Combined Penetrating Keratoplasty (PK) and Cataract Surgery ( PK Triple Procedure)
Combined Penetrating Keratoplasty (PK) and Cataract Surgery ( PK Triple Procedure) Surgeon 248 Views • 3 years ago

Christopher J. Rapuano, MD, Director of the Cornea Service at Wills Eye Institute describes his surgical approach of a Combined Penetrating Keratoplasty (PK) and Cataract Surgery

Anorectal Malformation
Anorectal Malformation samer kareem 1,937 Views • 3 years ago

Anorectal malformations are defects that occur during the fifth to seventh weeks of fetal development. With these defects, the anus (opening at the end of the large intestine through which stool passes) and the rectum (area of the large intestine just above the anus) do not develop properly

Cardiac Cycle - Systole & Diastole
Cardiac Cycle - Systole & Diastole samer kareem 2,914 Views • 3 years ago

Near the end of diastole, the ventricles nearly fill with blood, and then the atria contract, adding even more volume to the ventricles. The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole is referred to as the end-diastolic volume. The other phase of the cardiac cycle is called systole.

Sex under MRI
Sex under MRI samer kareem 11,654 Views • 3 years ago

Anatomy of Love

Epididymitis
Epididymitis samer kareem 4,739 Views • 3 years ago

Epididymitis is infection or less frequently, inflammation of the epididymis (the coiled tube on the back of the testicle). The majority of men that develop epididymitis develop it because of a bacterial infection. Although males of any age can develop epididymitis, it occurs most frequently between ages of 20 to 39.

Lithium
Lithium samer kareem 6,946 Views • 3 years ago

Lithium, a mood stabilizer used in bipolar disorder, has a narrow therapeutic index (small difference between therapeutic and toxic levels}. This patient's gradual onset of neurologic symptoms (slurred speech, confusion, tremors, and ataxia) is consistent with chronic lithium toxicity. Therapeutic lithium levels are 0.8- 1.2 mEq/L. Serum lithium levels >1.5 mEq/L confirm toxicity, and levels ;::2 .5 mEq/L require emergency management.

How to inject IM: Giving the Injection
How to inject IM: Giving the Injection DrPhil 15,513 Views • 3 years ago

Choose the site you will use for the injection,Clean your skin with an alcohol pad in a circular motion. Let the alcohol dry.

Ovarian Teratoma
Ovarian Teratoma samer kareem 23,954 Views • 3 years ago

Ovarian teratoma is a type of germ cell tumour. Germ cell tumours are cancers that begin in egg cells in women or sperm cells in men. There are 2 main types of ovarian teratoma. Mature teratoma, which is benign. Immature teratoma, which is cancerous.

Coronary Artery  Spasm
Coronary Artery Spasm samer kareem 5,952 Views • 3 years ago

Prinzmetal's or Prinzmetal angina (/ˈprɪntsmɛtəl/, sounds like "prints metal") (also known as variant angina, vasospastic angina (VSA), angina inversa, or coronary vessel spasm) is a syndrome typically consisting of angina (cardiac chest pain) at rest that occurs in cycles.

Bacterial Vaginosis
Bacterial Vaginosis samer kareem 14,824 Views • 3 years ago

Bacterial vaginosis is a type of vaginal inflammation caused by the overgrowth of bacteria naturally found in the vagina, which upsets the natural balance. Women in their reproductive years are most likely to get bacterial vaginosis, but it can affect women of any age. The cause isn't completely understood, but certain activities, such as unprotected sex or frequent douching, increase your risk.

Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease samer kareem 1,436 Views • 3 years ago

Parkinson disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative condition. Typically beginning in the sixth or seventh decade of life, it is characterized by the unilateral onset of resting tremor in combination with varying degrees of rigidity and bradykinesia. PD was originally described by James Parkinson (1755-1824), a man of many talents and interests. Parkinson published works on chemistry, paleontology, and other diverse topics. Early in his career he was a social activist championing the rights of the disenfranchised and poor. His efforts in this area were enough to result in his arrest and appearance before the Privy Council in London on at least one occasion. In collaboration with his son, who was a surgeon, he also offered the first description in the English language of a ruptured appendix. His small but famous publication, "Essay on the Shaking Palsy," was published in 1817, seven years before his death. The clinical descriptions of 6 cases was remarkable in part because he never actually examined the people he described. Instead, he had simply observed these people on the streets of London.

Hip Relocation
Hip Relocation samer kareem 2,281 Views • 3 years ago

The hip joint is formed between the 'ball' of the femoral head and the 'socket' of the acetabulum and a cartilaginous labrum. Strong supporting muscles, the fibrous joint capsule and ischiofemoral ligament make this a stable joint. Hip dislocations are either congenital or traumatic. Congenital dislocation of the hip is caused by dysplasia of the femoral head or acetabulum and is covered in the separate article Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. This remainder of this article deals with traumatic dislocation. Traumatic hip dislocation is an orthopaedic emergency. Large forces are required to cause hip dislocation (except in prosthetic hips) and this means that such injury may be associated with other life-threatening injuries and other fractures. The condition is extremely painful. Accurate and swift diagnosis means appropriate management can reduce morbidity.

Obstructive vs. Restrictive Lung Disease
Obstructive vs. Restrictive Lung Disease samer kareem 2,353 Views • 3 years ago

Obstructive lung diseases include conditions that make it hard to exhale all the air in the lungs. People with restrictive lung disease have difficulty fully expanding their lungs with air. Obstructive and restrictive lung disease share the same main symptom: shortness of breath with exertion.

Oxygen transport
Oxygen transport samer kareem 5,845 Views • 3 years ago

The protein inside red blood cells (a) that carries oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide to the lungs is hemoglobin (b). Hemoglobin is made up of four symmetrical subunits and four heme groups. Iron associated with the heme binds oxygen.

General Physical Examination
General Physical Examination Scott 25,455 Views • 3 years ago

General Physical Examination

Knee Replacement
Knee Replacement samer kareem 8,713 Views • 3 years ago

Knee replacement, also called arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure to resurface a knee damaged by arthritis. Metal and plastic parts are used to cap the ends of the bones that form the knee joint, along with the kneecap. This surgery may be considered for someone who has severe arthritis or a severe knee injury.

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