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Traumatic penile injury can be due to multiple factors. Penile fracture, penile amputation, penetrating penile injuries, and penile soft tissue injuries are considered urologic emergencies and typically require surgical intervention. The goals of treatment for penile trauma are universal: preservation of penile length, erectile function, and maintenance of the ability to void while standing. Traumatic injury to the penis may concomitantly involve the urethra.[1, 2] Urethral injury and repair is beyond the scope of this article but details can be found in Urethral Trauma. Penile fracture Penile fracture is the traumatic rupture of the corpus cavernosum. Traumatic rupture of the penis is relatively uncommon and is considered a urologic emergency.[3] Sudden blunt trauma or abrupt lateral bending of the penis in an erect state can break the markedly thinned and stiff tunica albuginea, resulting in a fractured penis. One or both corpora may be involved, and concomitant injury to the penile urethra may occur. Urethral trauma is more common when both corpora cavernosa are injured.[4] Penile rupture can usually be diagnosed based solely on history and physical examination findings; however, in equivocal cases, diagnostic cavernosography or MRI should be performed. Concomitant urethral injury must be considered; therefore, preoperative retrograde urethrographic studies should generally be performed. See the images below.
Thoracic outlet syndrome is a disorders that occur when blood vessels or nerves in the space between your collarbone and your first rib (thoracic outlet) are compressed. This can cause pain in your shoulders and neck and numbness in your fingers. Common causes of thoracic outlet syndrome include physical trauma from a car accident, repetitive injuries from job- or sports-related activities, certain anatomical defects (such as having an extra rib), and pregnancy. Sometimes doctors can't determine the cause of thoracic outlet syndrome. Treatment for thoracic outlet syndrome usually involves physical therapy and pain relief measures. Most people improve with these approaches. In some cases, however, your doctor may recommend surgery.
The exact cause of schizophrenia isn't known, but genetics, environment, and imbalanced brain chemicals may play a role. Schizophrenia is characterized by abnormal social behavior. In severe cases, patients may see or hear things that aren't real. Treatment is usually lifelong and often involves a combination of medications and psychological and social therapy.
Identify the anatomy and explain the physiology of the breast on diagrams and sonograms.
Describe and demonstrate the protocol for sonographic scanning of the breast, including the clock and quadrant methods, and targeted examinations based on mammographic findings.
Describe the various diagnostic pathways that may lead to a sonographic breast examination, and explain how the ultrasound findings are correlated with other imaging modalities.
Identify and describe sonographic images of benign and malignant features and common breast pathologies.
Explain biopsy techniques for breast tumors.
Define and use related medical terminology.
Explain the Patient Privacy Rule (HIPAA) and Patient Safety Act (see reference
Identify the anatomy and explain the physiology of the scrotum on diagrams and sonograms.
Describe and demonstrate the protocol for sonographic scanning of the scrotum.
Identify and describe sonographic images of congenital abnormalities of the scrotum.
Identify and describe sonographic images of pathologies of the scrotum.
Identify and describe sonographic images of extratesticular disease processes.
Identify the anatomy and explain the physiology of the prostate on diagrams and sonograms.
Describe and demonstrate the protocol for transabdominal and endorectal sonographic scanning of the prostate.
Identify and describe sonographic images of benign and malignant pathologies of the prostate, including benign hyperplasia, prostatitis, carcinoma, and calculi.
Explain the technique for prostate biopsy.
Define the criteria for an ultrasound appearance of prostate tumor staging.
Explain the technique for radiation seed implantation.
Explain the Patient Privacy Rule (HIPAA) and Patient Safety Act (see reference).
This test stimulates your acoustic nerve by delivering cold or warm water or air into your ear canal. When cold water or air enters your ear and the inner ear changes temperature, it should cause fast, side-to-side eye movements called nystagmus. The test is done in the following way: Before the test, your ear, especially the eardrum, will be checked. This is to make sure it is normal. One ear is tested at a time. A small amount of cold water or air is gently delivered into one of your ears. Your eyes should show an involuntary movement called nystagmus. Then they should turn away from that ear and slowly back. If water is used, it is allowed to drain out of the ear canal. Next, a small amount of warm water or air is gently delivered into the same ear. Again, your eyes should show nystagmus. Then they should turn toward that ear and slowly back. Your other ear is tested in the same way.
Graphic images focusing on the reconstruction of an ear after the removal of a long-standing skin cancer that this patient allowed to slowly grow over many years because he was afraid of what the surgery to remove might entail. Go to www.skincancercentre.com to learn more about the importance of the early diagnosis of skin cancer. BTW, when you put on your sunscreen, don't forget your ears, and wear a broad brimmed hat to cover this very vulnerable area of your anatomy. www.skincancercentre.com
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the large intestine (colon). Irritable bowel syndrome commonly causes cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea and constipation. IBS is a chronic condition that you will need to manage long term. Even though signs and symptoms are uncomfortable, IBS — unlike ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, which are forms of inflammatory bowel disease — doesn't cause changes in bowel tissue or increase your risk of colorectal cancer. Only a small number of people with irritable bowel syndrome have severe signs and symptoms. Some people can control their symptoms by managing diet, lifestyle and stress. Others will need medication and counseling.