Clinical case discussion for exams.
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Watch that Ectopic Pregnancy Medical Abortion Procedure

Bleeding from Duodenal Ulcer

Loyola Full Male Exam Part 3 A video from Loyola medical school, Chicago showing the full examination of the male

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A breech birth is the birth of a baby from a breech presentation. In the breech presentation the baby enters the birth canal with the buttocks or feet first as opposed to the normal head first presentation.

There are either three or four main categories of breech births, depending upon the source:

* Frank breech - the baby's bottom comes first, and his or her legs are flexed at the hip and extended at the knees (with feet near the ears). 65-70% of breech babies are in the frank breech position.

* Complete breech - the baby's hips and knees are flexed so that the baby is sitting crosslegged, with feet beside the bottom.

* Footling breech - one or both feet come first, with the bottom at a higher position. This is rare at term but relatively common with premature fetuses.

* Kneeling breech - the baby is in a kneeling position, with one or both legs extended at the hips and flexed at the knees. This is extremely rare, and is excluded from many classifications.

As in labour with a baby in a normal head-down position, uterine contractions typically occur at regular intervals and gradually cause the cervix to become thinner and to open. In the more common breech presentations, the baby’s bottom (rather than feet or knees) is what is first to descend through the maternal pelvis and emerge from the vagina.

At the beginning of labour, the baby is generally in an oblique position, facing either the right or left side of the mother's back. As the baby's bottom is the same size in the term baby as the baby's head. Descent is thus as for the presenting fetal head and delay in descent is a cardinal sign of possible problems with the delivery of the head.

In order to begin the birth, internal rotation needs to occur. This happens when the mother's pelvic floor muscles cause the baby to turn so that it can be born with one hip directly in front of the other. At this point the baby is facing one of the mother's inner thighs. Then, the shoulders follow the same path as the hips did. At this time the baby usually turns to face the mother's back. Next occurs external rotation, which is when the shoulders emerge as the baby’s head enters the maternal pelvis. The combination of maternal muscle tone and uterine contractions cause the baby’s head to flex, chin to chest. Then the back of the baby's head emerges and finally the face.

Due to the increased pressure during labour and birth, it is normal for the baby's leading hip to be bruised and genitalia to be swollen. Babies who assumed the frank breech position in utero may continue to hold their legs in this position for some days after birth.

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This video demonstrates Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Fully Explained Skin-to-Skin Video with Near Infrared Cholangiography performed by Dr R K Mishra at World Laparoscopy Hospital. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves removing the gallbladder. It is typically performed using small incisions in the abdomen, through which a laparoscope (a thin tube with a camera and light) and surgical instruments are inserted. The surgeon uses the laparoscope to visualize the inside of the abdomen and to guide the instruments in removing the gallbladder.

Near-infrared cholangiography is a technique that uses a special camera and fluorescent dye to visualize the bile ducts during surgery. The dye is injected into the cystic duct (the tube that connects the gallbladder to the bile ducts) and the camera detects the fluorescence emitted by the dye, allowing the surgeon to see the bile ducts more clearly.

The combination of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and near-infrared cholangiography has become a standard of care in many hospitals and surgical centers. It allows for a more precise and efficient surgery, reducing the risk of complications such as bile duct injury.

The use of indocyanine green (ICG) with near-infrared imaging during laparoscopic cholecystectomy has several advantages. Here are some of them:

Better visualization of the biliary anatomy: ICG with near-infrared imaging allows for better visualization of the biliary anatomy during surgery. This helps the surgeon identify important structures, such as the cystic duct and the common bile duct, and avoid injuring them.

Reduced risk of bile duct injury: With better visualization of the biliary anatomy, the risk of bile duct injury during surgery is reduced. Bile duct injury is a serious complication that can occur during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and can lead to long-term health problems.

Improved surgical precision: ICG with near-infrared imaging also improves surgical precision. The surgeon can better see the tissues and structures being operated on, which can help reduce the risk of bleeding and other complications.

Shorter operating time: The use of ICG with near-infrared imaging can shorten the operating time for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This is because the surgeon can more quickly and accurately identify the biliary anatomy, which can help streamline the surgery.

Overall, the use of ICG with near-infrared imaging is a valuable tool in laparoscopic cholecystectomy that can improve surgical outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Like any surgical procedure, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) has potential complications. Here are some of the most common ones:

Bleeding: Bleeding during or after the surgery is a possible complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Most cases are minor and can be easily controlled, but in rare cases, significant bleeding may require a blood transfusion or even additional surgery.

Infection: Any surgical procedure carries a risk of infection. After laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there is a risk of infection at the site of the incisions or within the abdomen. Symptoms may include fever, pain, redness, or drainage from the incision sites.

Bile leakage: In some cases, a small amount of bile may leak from the bile ducts into the abdominal cavity after gallbladder removal. This can cause abdominal pain, fever, and sometimes requires further surgery or treatment.

Injury to nearby organs: During the surgery, there is a small risk of unintentional injury to nearby organs such as the liver, intestines, or bile ducts. This can cause additional complications and may require further treatment.

Adverse reactions to anesthesia: As with any surgery requiring general anesthesia, there is a small risk of adverse reactions to the anesthesia, such as an allergic reaction, respiratory problems, or heart complications.

Most patients recover without complications following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but it is important to discuss any concerns or questions with your surgeon beforehand.

Contact us
World Laparoscopy Hospital
Cyber City, Gurugram, NCR Delhi
INDIA : +919811416838

World Laparoscopy Training Institute
Bld.No: 27, DHCC, Dubai
UAE : +971525857874

World Laparoscopy Training Institute
8320 Inv Dr, Tallahassee, Florida
USA : +1 321 250 7653





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Learn how to start your Kegels or pelvic floor exercises after hysterectomy.

Hirschsprung's (HIRSH-sproongz) disease is a condition that affects the large intestine (colon) and causes problems with passing stool. The condition is present at birth (congenital) as a result of missing nerve cells in the muscles of the baby's colon. A newborn who has Hirschsprung's disease usually can't have a bowel movement in the days after birth. In mild cases, the condition might not be detected until later in childhood. Uncommonly, Hirschsprung's disease is first diagnosed in adults.

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At Nationwide Children’s, our Department of General Pediatric Surgery provides comprehensive surgical care for infants, children and adolescents with congenital and acquired conditions, including major congenital anomalies, traumatic and thermal injuries, and tumors. As the second largest pediatric treatment center in the United States our surgeons perform more than 4,000 operative procedures every year. We are dedicated to clinical excellence, generation of new knowledge through research and the training of the next generation of leaders in children’s surgery. Under the umbrella of a unified program, 11 surgical departments share a common mission, philosophy and approach to patient care.

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Your sleeping pose can have a major impact on your slumber—as well as your overall health. Poor p.m. posture could potentially cause back and neck pain, fatigue, sleep apnea, muscle cramping, impaired circulation, headaches, heartburn, tummy troubles, and even premature wrinkles

A lot of women want to know what type of vaginal discharge is normal during pregnancy, and when you're not pregnant. So let's start out by talking about what's normal when you're not pregnant. It's normal to have about 1/2 teaspoon to 1 teaspoon of whitish, creamy, tannish discharge on most days of your cycle in between periods, with the exception of the time of ovulation. Actually, around the time of ovulation, it's normal to notice the discharge becoming more slippery and clear, almost like egg whites. And this is actually a sign that you can watch for to know when you're ovulating. And if you're seeing this type of discharge and you're trying to have a baby, then you should start to time intercourse with ovulation to increase your chances of conceiving.

When you’re depressed, it can feel like you’ll never get out from under a dark shadow. However, even the most severe depression is treatable. So, if your depression is keeping you from living the life you want to, don’t hesitate to seek help. Learning about your depression treatment options will help you decide what approach is right for you. From therapy to medication to healthy lifestyle changes, there are many effective treatments that can help you overcome depression and reclaim your life.

Roman Nowygrod, MD, a surgeon at NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, explains the different surgical approaches to treat Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD).

aser treatment for scars reduces the appearance of scars. It uses focused light therapy to either remove the outer layer of the skin’s surface or stimulate the production of new skin cells to cover damaged skin cells. Laser treatment for scars can reduce the appearance of warts, skin wrinkles, age spots, scars, and keloids. It doesn’t completely remove a scar.