At each level of the spine, there is a disc space in the front and paired facet joints in the back. Working together, these structures define a motion segment (Fig. 1A). Back pain may re­sult when injury or degenerative changes allow abnormal movement of the vertebrae to rub against one another, known as an unstable motion segment (Fig. 1B). Two vertebrae need to be fused to stop the motion at one segment. For example, an L4-L5 fusion is a one-level spinal fusion (Fig. 1C). A two-level fusion joins three vertebrae together and so on.

Synthol, otherwise known as site enhancement oil is used by some people (including bodybuilders) to increase the apparent size of their muscles by directly injecting the oil into their muscle tissue. Users treat it as a short cut of looking like a body builder, without the actual hard work of bodybuilding training. With repeated injections, a larger volume of synthol builds up inside the muscle, expanding its size like a balloon filling up with air. Side effects of synthol can cause nerve damage, stroke, ulcers, pulmonary embolisms, and much more. Injecting synthol is very dangerous and if that doesn’t deter potential users, there is also a problem from an aesthetic standpoint; synthol use makes ones body look deformed (just see for yourself in the pictures below).

Endoscopy of Mammary Ducts with Micro-Endoscope called Mammary Ductoscopy. Indication:- Nipple Discharge. In this case Papilloma seen quite clearly. Biopsy can also be possible with Ductoscopy. Mammary Ductoscopy is very useful for diagnosis of Breast Cancer in early stage.

Identify the anatomy and explain the physiology of the breast on diagrams and sonograms.

Describe and demonstrate the protocol for sonographic scanning of the breast, including the clock and quadrant methods, and targeted examinations based on mammographic findings.

Describe the various diagnostic pathways that may lead to a sonographic breast examination, and explain how the ultrasound findings are correlated with other imaging modalities.

Identify and describe sonographic images of benign and malignant features and common breast pathologies.

Explain biopsy techniques for breast tumors.

Define and use related medical terminology.

Explain the Patient Privacy Rule (HIPAA) and Patient Safety Act (see reference

he Allium Ureteral Stents are intended for temporary long or short-term use in malignant or benign chronic Ureteral Stenosis. Allium Ureteral Stents are mounted on a ready to use 8 or 10Fr delivery system. By using the appropriate delivery system their deployment procedure can be performed either retrogradely or percutaneously. Indicated for all chronic ureteral stricturesLarge caliber for intra-lumenal flowLong dwelling timeAntegrade or retrograde insertionEasy insertion and stent positioningExcellent patient comfortNo tissue in-growthAnti-reflux designEasy removal of the device

Ear Examination ENT is often a challenging examination, crossing over with the cranial nerve examination of the vestibular cochlear exam as well at other neurological assessments of balance

Here we will review the ear examination, looking both at the use of the otoscope, but also the Dix-Hallpike Manoeuvre, along with HINTS assessment. the Webers and Rinne's test is also included to determine types of hearing loss.

Often these ear examination techniques are performed separately, depending on the patients presenting complaint

#EARExamination #DrGill #ClinicalSkills

Watch that Skin Jiggers Removal Procedure

USMLE Step 2 CS - Diabetes Mellitus This is just preview video. To get full access please visit our website : www.usmletutoring.com

What is a mole? Many people refer to a mole as any dark spot or irregularity in the skin. Doctors use different terms. But the following types of skin marks such as these are not treated the same way moles are and are not discussed here: Birthmarks Abnormal formations of blood vessels (hemangiomas) Keratoses (benign or precancerous spots, which appear after about age 30 years)

UPDATE 1/30/15: Watch the updated version of this animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVP6JngpgEE

This 3D medical animation shows how adhesions in the abdomen may cause complications. These problems may include obstruction, twisting, and dislocating areas of the small intestine. Adhesions can be separated with laparoscopic instruments.

ANH00037

A penile prosthesis is another treatment option for men with erectile dysfunction. These devices are either malleable (bendable) or inflatable. The simplest type of prosthesis consists of a pair of malleable rods surgically implanted within the erection chambers of the penis. With this type of implant the penis is always semi-rigid and merely needs to be lifted or adjusted into the erect position to initiate sex. This type of implant is a good choice for men with spinal cord injuries and/or limited hand strength. Today, many men choose a hydraulic, inflatable prosthesis, which allows them to have an erection when they choose, and it's easier to conceal. It is also more natural. A penile implant is usually used when there is a clear medical cause for ED and when the problem is unlikely to resolve or improve naturally or with other medical treatments. Sometimes a penile prosthesis is implanted during surgery to reconstruct the penis when scarring has caused erections to curve (Peyronie's disease). Penile implant surgeries take about an hour and are typically done in an outpatient center. A man can resume sexual intercourse by 6 weeks after surgery.

Colposcopy (kol-POS-kuh-pee) is a procedure to closely examine your cervix, vagina and vulva for signs of disease. During colposcopy, your doctor uses a special instrument called a colposcope. Your doctor may recommend colposcopy if your Pap test has shown abnormal results.

As a pediatric surgeon at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Dr. Nitsana Spigland treats newborns, children, teens, and young adults requiring surgical interventions. She specializes in antenatal counseling and newborn congenital malformations.

Learn more about Dr. Spigland at: https://www.nyp.org/physician/nspigland.

Watch that video to know if it is safe to have intercourse during her period

A renal biopsy is a procedure used to extract kidney tissue for laboratory analysis. The word “renal” describes the kidneys. A renal biopsy is also called a kidney biopsy. The test helps your doctor identify the type of kidney disease you have, how severe it is, and the best treatment for it.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to get or keep an erection firm enough for sexual function. It’s a common sexual problem, affecting as many as 30 million men in the United States. Most cases of ED have a physical cause, such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Lifestyle choices like smoking and drinking excessive amounts of alcohol can also lead to ED. But for some men, psychological issues are the root of the problem.

When the hematocrit rises to 60 or 70%, which it often does in polycythemia, the blood viscosity can become as great as 10 times that of water, and its flow through blood vessels is greatly retarded because of increased resistance to flow. This will lead to decreased oxygen delivery.

Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in your gallbladder. Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver. The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid called bile that's released into your small intestine. Gallstones range in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. Some people develop just one gallstone, while others develop many gallstones at the same time. Gallstones are common in the United States. People who experience symptoms from their gallstones usually require gallbladder removal surgery. Gallstones that don't cause any signs and symptoms typically don't need treatment.

Though the risk of HIV transmission through oral sex is very low, but several factors might increase the risk, including sores in the mouth or vagina or on the penis, bleeding gums, having an oral contact with menstrual blood, and the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases. But still the risk is low. by the way better to think twice before having the Oralsex with strangers. because you are not safe 100%.