Carotid artery stenosis can be caused by cholesterol build-up in the blood vessels (atherosclerosis). Blood clots can form in this area and travel up to the brain. This condition may be present for a long time before symptoms appear. When symptoms do occur, stroke or brief stroke-like attacks are common. If this condition is discovered as a result of a stroke or stroke-like attack, cholesterol lowering medications and blood thinners may be used to improve blood flow to the brain. If the degree of narrowing is severe, surgery may be needed to open the blood vessel.

Hypertensive urgency must be distinguished from hypertensive emergency. Urgency is defined as severely elevated blood pressure (ie, systolic >220 mm Hg or diastolic >120 mm Hg) with no evidence of target organ damage.

Blocked coronary arteries.

With so many antibiotics available, it isn't possible to list all of them here. But common antibiotics that are generally considered safe during pregnancy include penicillins (such as amoxicillin and ampicillin), cephalosporins (such as cephalexin), and erythromycin.

An atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) is a heart defect in which there are holes between the chambers of the right and left sides of the heart, and the valves that control the flow of blood between these chambers may not be formed correctly. This condition is also called atrioventricular canal (AV canal) defect or endocardial cushion defect. In AVSD, blood flows where it normally should not go. The blood may also have a lower than normal amount of oxygen, and extra blood can flow to the lungs. This extra blood being pumped into the lungs forces the heart and lungs to work hard and may lead to

In PRK the epithelium (top layer of the cornea) is scraped off and then the laser treatment is applied. A contact lens is used as a "bandage" to decrease discomfort. The epithelium then grows back over the bare area during the next few days.

In LASEK the epithelium is exposed to 20% alcohol which helps separate epithelium from the cornea. The epithelium is pushed to one side and laser treatment applied. The epithelial layer is replaced back onto the eye and held in place with a contact lens. The contact lens is then removed a few days later. LASEK is hence a "no knife"/flap operation.

Epi-Lasik is a similar procedure that uses a keratome like that used for Lasik, but engineered to only separate the epithelium. The epithelium is left on a hinge, laser treatment applied and flap replaced.

Histology of Bone Marrow Smear

Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from your face to your brain. If you have trigeminal neuralgia, even mild stimulation of your face — such as from brushing your teeth or putting on makeup — may trigger a jolt of excruciating pain. You may initially experience short, mild attacks. But trigeminal neuralgia can progress and cause longer, more-frequent bouts of searing pain. Trigeminal neuralgia affects women more often than men, and it's more likely to occur in people who are older than 50. Because of the variety of treatment options available, having trigeminal neuralgia doesn't necessarily mean you're doomed to a life of pain. Doctors usually can effectively manage trigeminal neuralgia with medications, injections or surgery.

If you’ve suffered a sporting knee injury, how do you know when it’s serious? In this short video, Yorkshire Knee Clinic’s Dave Duffy reveals the two key tests that tell you whether your knee needs urgent, specialist attention.

𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗾𝘂𝗲𝗮𝗺𝗶𝘀𝗵: This video features only features a model of the knee. There is no live footage from operations.

Discover more about sports knee injuries: https://yorkshirekneeclinic.com/sports-injuries/
Discover more about Dave Duffy: https://yorkshirekneeclinic.com/about/dave-duffy/

You're sneezing, coughing, and all stuffed up. It sounds and feels like a cold, alright. But as time goes on, you start to wonder. Is it turning into a sinus infection? They've got some things in common, but there are ways to tell them apart. The right ID lets your doctor get you the best treatment. What Is a Common Cold? It's an infection caused by a virus, a tiny living thing. You can't miss the symptoms: Nasal congestion Runny nose Post-nasal drip (drop-by-drop release of fluid from your nose into the back of the throat) Headache Fatigue You may also get a cough and a mild fever. The symptoms usually build, peak, and slowly disappear. Some medications can ease symptoms. For example, decongestants may decrease drainage and open the nasal passages. Pain relievers may help with fever and headache. Cough medicine may help, as well. Colds typically last from a few days to about a week or longer. Sometimes, a cold may cause swelling in the sinuses, hollow spaces in your skull that are connected to each other. The swelling can prevent the flow of mucus.

Thanks to a new, state-of-the-art procedure for total knee replacement developed by surgeons at the Detroit Medical Center's Sinai-Grace Hospital, the rehabilitation time for patients has been reduced from six months to six weeks. ~ Detroit Medical Center

A pulmonary embolism (PE) usually happens when a blood clot called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT), often in your leg, travels to your lungs and blocks a blood vessel. That leads to low oxygen levels in your blood. It can damage the lung and other organs and cause heart failure, too. A PE can be life-threatening, so if you've been diagnosed with DVT, you should be aware of this risk. Follow the treatment plan for your DVT to stop the clot from getting bigger and to keep new clots from forming. Symptoms and Diagnosis PE won't always cause symptoms. You might have: Chest pain, which may get worse with a deep breath Sudden shortness of breath or rapid breathing Fast heartbeat Sudden cough Coughing up blood Lightheadedness or fainting Anxiety Call 911 if you notice these symptoms. They could also be symptoms of a heart attack, pneumonia, or other serious problems.

A reconstructive transplant, also called a composite tissue transplant or composite tissue allograft, is an operation that involves transplantation of bone, tissue, muscle and blood vessels. A reconstructive hand transplant is an operation tailored to each patient’s individual needs, type of injury and anatomy. This transplants an upper extremity, usually at the level of the forearm and wrist, but sometimes above the elbow, to help restore function after the loss of a hand or arm.

DMC Huron Valley-Sinai Hospital offers hope for severe sinus sufferers through new image-guided surgery that opens up passages, allowing freer breathing and higher quality of life. See two patients who have undergone the procedure and hear about their new lease on life. ~ Detroit Medical Center

DMC Orthopedic Specialist and Detroit Tigers team physician Dr. Stephen Lemos repairs a young patient's damaged shoulder using a minimally-invasive arthroscopic technique. ~ Detroit Medical Center

An African traditional healer performing a brain surgery.

There can be a number of psychological triggers that cause nightmares in adults. For example, anxiety and depression can cause adult nightmares. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also commonly causes people to experience chronic, recurrent nightmares. Nightmares in adults can be caused by certain sleep disorders

A UK patient praises Dr.Venkatachalam for her Hip resurfacing surgery. She was able to get full movements after surgery which wouldn't have been possible with a hip replacement

Possible causes include a combination of biological, psychological, and social sources of distress. Increasingly, research suggests these factors may cause changes in brain function, including altered activity of certain neural circuits in the brain. The persistent feeling of sadness or loss of interest that characterizes major depression can lead to a range of behavioral and physical symptoms. These may include changes in sleep, appetite, energy level, concentration, daily behavior, or self-esteem. Depression can also be associated with thoughts of suicide. The mainstay of treatment is usually medication, talk therapy, or a combination of the two. Increasingly, research suggests these treatments may normalize brain changes associated with depression.

Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. When you eat, your body converts any calories it doesn't need to use right away into triglycerides. The triglycerides are stored in your fat cells. Later, hormones release triglycerides for energy between meals. If you regularly eat more calories than you burn, particularly "easy" calories like carbohydrates and fats, you may have high triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia).