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Sodium levels are tightly controlled in a healthy individual by regulation of urine concentration and an intact thirst mechanism. Hypernatremia (defined as a serum sodium level >145 mEq/L) is rare in patients with preserved thirst mechanism. When hypernatremia does occur, it is associated with a high mortality rate (>50% in most studies). Given this high mortality rate, the emergency physician must be able to recognize and treat this condition. This article discusses the patients in whom hypernatremia should be suspected and how to initiate workup and administer appropriate treatment. In general, hypernatremia can be caused by derangement of the thirst response or altered behavioral response thereto (primarily psychiatric patients, and elderly patients who are institutionalized), impaired renal concentrating mechanism (diabetes insipidus [DI]) secondary to kidney pathology (nephrogenic DI) or difficulty with the neurohormonal control of this concentrating mechanism (central DI), or by losses of free water from other sources.
Bone is not a static part of the body — it's constantly being resorbed (broken down) and formed throughout your life. Your entire skeleton is replaced about every decade, according to the NIH. During your childhood and teenage years, bone formation occurs more quickly than bone resorption, resulting in growth. You reach your maximum bone density and strength around age 30, after which bone resorption slowly overtakes bone formation. Osteoporosis develops when there's an abnormal imbalance between bone resorption and formation — that is, resorption occurs too quickly, or formation too slowly.
Claudication, which is defined as reproducible ischemic muscle pain, is one of the most common manifestations of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) caused by atherosclerosis. Claudication occurs during physical activity and is relieved after a short rest. Pain develops because of inadequate blood flow. Examination of a patient with claudication should include a complete lower-extremity evaluation and pulse examination, including measuring segmental pressures. Attempt to palpate pulses from the abdominal aorta to the foot, with auscultation for bruits in the abdominal and pelvic regions. When palpable pulses are not present, a handheld Doppler device may be used to assess circulation.
A pneumothorax occurs when some of the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in a baby's lung become overinflated and burst. This causes air to leak into the space between the lung and chest wall (pleural space). The most common cause of pneumothorax is respiratory distress syndrome. This is a condition that occurs in babies who are born too early (premature). The baby's lungs lack the slippery substance (surfactant) that helps them stay open. Therefore, the tiny air sacs are not able to expand as easily. If the baby is put on a breathing machine (mechanical ventilator), there is extra pressure on the baby's lungs, which can sometimes burst the air sacs.
A brain surgery called a craniectomy is performed to remove a part of your skull in order to relieve pressure in an area when your brain swells from a traumatic brain injury. It is also performed to treat medical conditions that cause your brain to swell or bleed that can be caused by an aneurysm, brain tumor or other cancer.
This 3d animation shows how the surgical procedure decreases intracranial pressure (ICP), intracranial hypertension (ICHT), or heavy bleeding (also called hemorrhaging) inside your skull. If left untreated, pressure or bleeding can compress your brain and push it down onto the brain stem. This can be fatal or cause permanent brain damage.
Brain surgery is a very serious procedure under any circumstances, but a craniectomy is done when there is an immediate risk to the brain and neurological function due to severe brain injury or stroke.
For more information about custom 3D animation depicting surgery, please visit https://www.amerra.com/.
Watch additional medical animations:
Accessing an implantable port training - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/xSTpxjyv4O4
Open Suctioning with a Tracheostomy Tube - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/wamB7jpWCiQ
Ventriculostomy Brain Surgery - 3d animation: https://youtu.be/pUy0YDzVNzs
Suctioning the endotracheal tube - medical animation: https://youtu.be/pN6-EYoeh3g
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/qKTRyowwaLA
How to insert a nasogastric tube for NG intubation - 3d animation: https://youtu.be/Abf3Gd6AaZQ
Oral airway insertion - oropharyngeal airway technique - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/caxUdNwjt34
Nasotracheal suctioning (NTS) - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/979jWMsF62c
Learn about hemorrhoids with #3d #animation: https://youtu.be/R6NqlMpsiiY
LASIK eye surgery - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/Bb8bnjnEM00
CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/G87knTZnhks
What are warts (HPV)? - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/guJ1J7rRs1w
How Macular Degeneration Affects Your Vision - 3D animation: https://youtu.be/ozZQIZ_52YY
NeoGraft hair transplant procedure – animation: https://youtu.be/C-eTdH2UPXI
We are aware that the "official" way to use an ear candle is small end down into the ear, but for this video, we have elected to use it the way most "lay" public would (small end up). Ear candling is an alternative medicine practice that is thought to remove earwax. However, this video illustrates how ineffective this practice is in removing earwax... and can potentially be even harmful. And yes... It is still frequently practiced.
Today on Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank breaks down the parts and functions of one of your body's unsung heroes: your epithelial tissue.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ
Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Proper Epithelium & Glandular Epithelium 1:38
We're All Just Tubes! 2:12
Cell Shapes: Squamous, Cuboidal, or Columnar 3:34
How Form Relates to Function 4:15
Layering: Simple or Stratified 5:26
Epithelial Cells: Apical & Basal Sides 7:06
Glandular Epithelial Tissue Forms Endocrine & Exocrine Glands 8:20
Review 9:16
Credits 9:54
***
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The epididymis is a long coiled tube that lies above and behind each testicle. The epididymis collects and transports sperm from the testis to the vas deferens (tubes that transport sperm to the urethra). An epididymal cyst is a cyst-like mass in the epididymis that contains clear fluid. Typically, epididymal cysts and spermatoceles do not cause symptoms. When discovered, the epididymal cyst is usually about the size of a pea and feels separate from the top of the testis. Spermatoceles typically arise from the head of the epididymis, and are felt on the top portion of the testicle. Epididymal cysts and spermatoceles are often incidental findings on testicular self-examination or routine physical examination. It is important that any mass noted in the scrotum be examined by a urologist in order to obtain an accurate diagnosis, especially a mass on the testicle itself. Our team in the Division of Urology will typically be able to confirm the diagnosis on physical exam. However, a scrotal ultrasound may also be used in order to rule out other conditions.
Colposcopy (kol-POS-kuh-pee) is a procedure to closely examine your cervix, vagina and vulva for signs of disease. During colposcopy, your doctor uses a special instrument called a colposcope. Your doctor may recommend colposcopy if your Pap test has shown abnormal results.
This video demonstrates Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Fully Explained Skin-to-Skin Video with Near Infrared Cholangiography performed by Dr R K Mishra at World Laparoscopy Hospital. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves removing the gallbladder. It is typically performed using small incisions in the abdomen, through which a laparoscope (a thin tube with a camera and light) and surgical instruments are inserted. The surgeon uses the laparoscope to visualize the inside of the abdomen and to guide the instruments in removing the gallbladder.
Near-infrared cholangiography is a technique that uses a special camera and fluorescent dye to visualize the bile ducts during surgery. The dye is injected into the cystic duct (the tube that connects the gallbladder to the bile ducts) and the camera detects the fluorescence emitted by the dye, allowing the surgeon to see the bile ducts more clearly.
The combination of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and near-infrared cholangiography has become a standard of care in many hospitals and surgical centers. It allows for a more precise and efficient surgery, reducing the risk of complications such as bile duct injury.
The use of indocyanine green (ICG) with near-infrared imaging during laparoscopic cholecystectomy has several advantages. Here are some of them:
Better visualization of the biliary anatomy: ICG with near-infrared imaging allows for better visualization of the biliary anatomy during surgery. This helps the surgeon identify important structures, such as the cystic duct and the common bile duct, and avoid injuring them.
Reduced risk of bile duct injury: With better visualization of the biliary anatomy, the risk of bile duct injury during surgery is reduced. Bile duct injury is a serious complication that can occur during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and can lead to long-term health problems.
Improved surgical precision: ICG with near-infrared imaging also improves surgical precision. The surgeon can better see the tissues and structures being operated on, which can help reduce the risk of bleeding and other complications.
Shorter operating time: The use of ICG with near-infrared imaging can shorten the operating time for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This is because the surgeon can more quickly and accurately identify the biliary anatomy, which can help streamline the surgery.
Overall, the use of ICG with near-infrared imaging is a valuable tool in laparoscopic cholecystectomy that can improve surgical outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.
Like any surgical procedure, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) has potential complications. Here are some of the most common ones:
Bleeding: Bleeding during or after the surgery is a possible complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Most cases are minor and can be easily controlled, but in rare cases, significant bleeding may require a blood transfusion or even additional surgery.
Infection: Any surgical procedure carries a risk of infection. After laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there is a risk of infection at the site of the incisions or within the abdomen. Symptoms may include fever, pain, redness, or drainage from the incision sites.
Bile leakage: In some cases, a small amount of bile may leak from the bile ducts into the abdominal cavity after gallbladder removal. This can cause abdominal pain, fever, and sometimes requires further surgery or treatment.
Injury to nearby organs: During the surgery, there is a small risk of unintentional injury to nearby organs such as the liver, intestines, or bile ducts. This can cause additional complications and may require further treatment.
Adverse reactions to anesthesia: As with any surgery requiring general anesthesia, there is a small risk of adverse reactions to the anesthesia, such as an allergic reaction, respiratory problems, or heart complications.
Most patients recover without complications following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but it is important to discuss any concerns or questions with your surgeon beforehand.
Contact us
World Laparoscopy Hospital
Cyber City, Gurugram, NCR Delhi
INDIA : +919811416838
World Laparoscopy Training Institute
Bld.No: 27, DHCC, Dubai
UAE : +971525857874
World Laparoscopy Training Institute
8320 Inv Dr, Tallahassee, Florida
USA : +1 321 250 7653
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