Labyrinthitis is a mild, often self-limited condition characterized by vertigo, tinnitus, nausea, and a loss of balance. The disorder often follows a viral illness (eg, influenza). Labyrinthitis may also be caused by trauma, bacterial infection, allergies, benign tumors, and certain medications .

Cataplexy is a sudden, temporary loss of muscle tone that can result in collapse. It is often caused by intense emotions, including laughter

The "Get up and go" test is most commonly used to assess postural stability. In this test, the physician instructs the patient to stand up from a chair without assistance, walk a short distance, turn around, return, and sit down again. If the patient is unsteady or has difficulties during the test, further evaluation is necessary.

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep. People with narcolepsy often find it difficult to stay awake for long periods of time, regardless of the circumstances. Narcolepsy can cause serious disruptions in your daily routine. Sometimes, narcolepsy can be accompanied by a sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy) that leads to weakness and loss of muscle control. Cataplexy is often triggered by a strong emotion, most commonly laughter. Narcolepsy is a chronic condition for which there's no cure. However, medications and lifestyle changes can help you manage the symptoms. Support from others — family, friends, employer, teachers — can help you cope with narcolepsy.

The headache, lethargy, and neck stiffness suggest subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to rupture of a mycotic aneurysm. Mycotic or infected arterial aneurysms can develop due to metastatic infection from IE, with septic embolization and localized vessel wall destruction in the cerebral (or systemic) circulation. Intracerebral mycotic aneurysms can present as an expanding mass with focal neurologic findings or may not be apparent until aneurysm rupture with stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The diagnosis of mycotic cerebral aneurysm can usually be confirmed with computed tomography angiography. Management includes broad-spectrum antibiotics (tailored to blood culture results) and surgical intervention (open or endovascular).

Herpes simplex encephalitis is characterized by acute-onset (<1 week) fever, headaches, seizures, altered mental status, and focal neurologic findings such as hemiparesis or cranial nerve deficits. This patient's weakness/fatigue for >1 week, heart murmur, history of drug abuse, and absence of focal neurologic deficits make endocarditis with mycotic aneurysm more likely than herpes encephalitis

Meningococcal meningitis - causes, features, symptoms and treatment

Candida Albicans is more than just yeast- for most people, it's already mutated into a more aggressive fungal form that eats holes through the intestinal tract causing many of todays health problems like food allergies, autoimmune disorders, Crohn's disease, IBS, low energy and many more aggressive diseases. People need to know what it is and what to do about it.

There are twelve cranial nerves in total. The olfactory nerve (CN I) and optic nerve (CN II) originate from the cerebrum. Cranial nerves III – XII arise from the brain stem (Figure 1). They can arise from a specific part of the brain stem (midbrain, pons or medulla), or from a junction between two parts: Midbrain – the trochlear nerve (IV) comes from the posterior side of the midbrain. It has the longest intracranial length of all the cranial nerves. Midbrain-pontine junction – oculomotor (III). Pons – trigeminal (V). Pontine-medulla junction – abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear (VI-VIII). Medulla Oblongata – posterior to the olive: glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory (IX-XI). Anterior to the olive: hypoglossal (XII). The cranial nerves are numbered by their loca

Atrial fibrillation vs Atrial Flutter

A VCUG (Voiding Cystourethrogram) is a test that looks at how well your child's kidneys, ureters and bladder are working. Your child's kidneys make urine. The urine flows from the kidneys through thin tubes (called ureters) into your child's bladder.

-Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for mothers colonized with group B Streptococcus can prevent early-onset neonatal disease. Adequate prophylaxis consists of ampicillin, penicillin, or cefazolin for ;::4 hours before delivery. Regardless of intrapartum treatment, all high-risk infants must be observed for ;::49 hours. A complete blood count with differential and blood culture are indicated if the infant is preterm <37 weeks or was exposed to prolonged rupture of membranes.>18 hrs.

Galactosemia

Delayed puberty is defined as the absence of any signs suggestive of puberty by 14 years of age. In this case, the patient's pubertal delay appears to be constitutional because of his positive family history, absence of syndromic features or systemic illness, and bone age of 12 years. Puberty correlates more closely with bone age than chronological age. On follow-up, the patient will most likely demonstrate a similar onset of puberty as his father.

-The management of diaper rash includes frequent changing of diapers, avoiding tight-fitting diapers, exposing the skin to air, using diapers with super absorbent surfaces, and applying barrier creams such as zinc oxide or petrolatum.

Encephalopathy means disorder or disease of the brain. In modern usage, encephalopathy does not refer to a single disease, but rather to a syndrome of global brain dysfunction; this syndrome can have many different organic and inorganic causes.

The Valsalva Maneuver is any attempt to exhale with the mouth and nose closed. Named after the Italian physician and anatomist, Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666-1723), it is also known as Valsalva's Test and Valsalva's Method.

Gynecology 3D Animation

Cervical cerclage can be placed via transvaginal, open transabdominal, or laparoscopic transabdominal approach, preferably before pregnancy. Recurrent late miscarriages may be due to a weak (sometimes called an incompetent) cervix that shortens or opens too early in pregnancy. Cervical cerclage involves placing a stitch around the upper part of the cervix to keep it closed; the operation may be carried out through the vagina, or through the abdomen, as an open or laparoscopic ('keyhole') procedure.

A patient who has a problem with proprioception can still maintain balance by using vestibular function and vision. In the Romberg test, the standing patient is asked to close his or her eyes. A loss of balance is interpreted as a positive Romberg's test.