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Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves an immune-mediated process in which an abnormal response of the body’s immune system is directed against the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is made up of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. Within the CNS, the immune system causes inflammation that damages myelin — the fatty substance that surrounds and insulates the nerve fibers — as well as the nerve fibers themselves, and the specialized cells that make myelin. When myelin or nerve fibers are damaged or destroyed in MS, messages within the CNS are altered or stopped completely. Damage to areas of the CNS may produce a variety of neurological symptoms that will vary among people with MS in type and severity The damaged areas develop scar tissue which gives the disease its name – multiple areas of scarring or multiple sclerosis. The cause of MS is not known, but it is believed to involve genetic susceptibility, abnormalities in the immune system and environmental factors that combine to trigger the disease. People with MS typically experience one of four disease courses. There are over a dozen treatments to help modify the MS disease process.

Pregnancy ultrasounds are performed mainly using transabdominal ultrasound. For many women, especially after 8 weeks gestation, sufficient information about the baby may be obtained with transabdominal ultrasound only. However, in the early pregnancy, the developing embryo is very small (at 6 weeks gestation, the baby is only 5-9mm long) and a transvaginal ultrasound may be required to get a better image of the baby. Transvaginal ultrasound is safe and commonly performed during all stages of pregnancy, including the first trimester. It will not harm you or your baby.

There's a small area called the Grafenberg spot, or G-spot, inside the vagina. It's located about an inch or so inside the vaginal opening on the upper vaginal wall — closest to the bellybutton. The G-spot is sexually sensitive and swells slightly during arousal and feels raised or bumpy

Common Benign Pain Syndromes--Symptoms and Etiology:
1. Non-specific musculoskeletal pain: This is the most common cause of back pain. Patients present with lumbar area pain that does not radiate, is worse with activity, and improves with rest. There may or may not be a clear history of antecedent over use or increased activity. The pain is presumably caused by irritation of the paraspinal muscles, ligaments or vertebral body articulations. However, a precise etiology is difficulty to identify.
2. Radicular Symptoms: Often referred to as "sciatica," this is a pain syndrome caused by irritation of one of the nerve roots as it exits the spinal column. The root can become inflamed as a result of a compromised neuroforamina (e.g. bony osteophyte that limits size of the opening) or a herniated disc (the fibrosis tears, allowing the propulsus to squeeze out and push on the adjacent root). Sometimes, it's not precisely clear what has lead to the irritation. In any case, patient's report a burning/electric shock type pain that starts in the low back, traveling down the buttocks and along the back of the leg, radiating below the knee. The most commonly affected nerve roots are L5 and S1.
3. Spinal Stenosis: Pain starts in the low back and radiates down the buttocks bilaterally, continuing along the backs of both legs. Symptoms are usually worse with walking and improve when the patient bends forward. Patient's may describe that they relieve symptoms by leaning forward on their shopping carts when walking in a super market. This is caused by spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the central canal that holds the spinal cord. The limited amount of space puts pressure on the nerve roots when the patient walks, causing the symptoms (referred to as neurogenic claudication). Spinal stenosis can be congenital or develop over years as a result of djd of the spine. As opposed to true claudication (pain in calfs/lower legs due to arterial insufficiency), pain resolves very quickly when person stops walking and assumes upright position. Also, peripheral pulses should be normal.
4. Mixed symptoms: In some patients, more then one process may co-exist, causing elements of more then one symptom syndrome to co-exist.

Removal of Infected Hernia Mesh

Achalasia is a neurogenic esophageal motility disorder characterized by impaired esophageal peristalsis and a lack of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation during swallowing. Symptoms are slowly progressive dysphagia, usually to both liquids and solids, and regurgitation of undigested food. Evaluation typically includes manometry, barium swallow, and endoscopy. Treatments include dilation, chemical denervation, surgical myotomy, and peroral endoscopic myotomy.

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A new procedure, laparoscopic hysterectomy, means there's no reason for a woman to undergo an invasive abdominal hysterectomy unless she has a severe medical problem. ~ Detroit Medical Center

Join Rhinoplasty Specialist Dr. Paul Nassif, a world-renowned expert in revision rhinoplasty, in the operating room as he performs a Columella Strut Placement. His practice, Spalding Drive Cosmetic Surgery & Dermatology, is located in Beverly Hills, CA.

Video Produced by SPORE Medical

Pediatric Cardiovascular Examination

CTR is a surgery in which the narrowed part of the airway just below the voice box (larynx) is removed and the voice box and windpipe (trachea) are sewn back together. It is also used to treat other airway problems.

Before the angioplasty procedure begins, you will receive some pain medicine. You may also be given medicine that relaxes you, and blood thinning medicines to prevent a blood clot from forming. You will lie on a padded table. Your doctor will insert a flexible tube (catheter) through a surgical cut into an artery. Sometimes the catheter will be placed in your arm or wrist, or in your upper leg or groin area. You will be awake during the procedure. The doctor will use live x-ray pictures to carefully guide the catheter up into your heart and arteries. Dye will be injected into your body to highlight blood flow through the arteries. This helps the doctor see any blockages in the blood vessels that lead to your heart. A guide wire is moved into and across the blockage. A balloon catheter is pushed over the guide wire and into the blockage. The balloon on the end is blown up (inflated). This opens the blocked vessel and restores proper blood flow to the heart. A wire mesh tube (stent) may then be placed in this blocked area. The stent is inserted along with the balloon catheter. It expands when the balloon is inflated. The stent is left there to help keep the artery open

Hip Resurfacing Surgery Videos Welcome to the website of the Asian Regional Center for Hip Resurfacing (ARCH) is a specialized surgical center in Apollo Speciality Hospital Chennai. More than 1350 Hip Resurfacing Surgeries have been performed so far. Asian Regional Center for Hip Resurfacing is the first specialized resurfacing center in Asia. Patients with arthritis and hip pain travel from all over the world travel to ARCH for hip surgery. Hip Resurfacing Surgery has revolutionized hip arthroplasty especially for younger and active patients. Unlike conventional Total Hip Replacement (THR) the hip resurfacing conserves the bone in the hip which would be crucial in younger patients. No restrictions are imposed on the resurfaced hip and the patient can participate in any professional or recreational activity after the surgery.

How to perform a parotidectomy gland resection? In this video we take you step by step through the protid gland resection surgical technique. This video is intended for ENT residents and Head and Neck Surgery Surgeons. It is part of the ORL-Information's Head and Neck surgery Masterclass in collaboration with the University Hospital of Nîmes. Surgeons Editors: Pr. Benjamin LALLEMANT, MD, PhD - Dr. Camille GALY, MD Head and and Neck Department, University Hospital of Nîmes, France Official video | www.orl-information.fr

Cette vidéo présentent la technique de la parotidectomie avec dissection du nerf facial. Elle illustre les différents temps de l'intervention notamment le temps de repérage du nerf facial.

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Tongue Lipoma Removal

Take your left leg and place your ankle against the knee. Hold the position for a moment before changing legs. This helps stretch the tiny piriformis muscle, which sometimes becomes inflamed and presses against the sciatic nerve causing pain. Repeat by switching sides and doing the same exercise with the other leg.

A penile prosthesis is another treatment option for men with erectile dysfunction (ED). These devices are either malleable or inflatable. The simplest type of prosthesis consists of a pair of malleable (bendable) rods surgically implanted within the erection chambers of the penis. With this type of implant the penis is always semi-rigid and merely needs to be lifted or adjusted into the erect position to initiate sex. Today, many men choose a hydraulic, inflatable prosthesis, which allows a man to have an erection whenever he chooses and is much easier to conceal. It is also more natural.

Expand Section. Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs.

Laser Hair Removal for Dark Skin with YAG Laser

B-Lynch suture for uterine atony technique described