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Alexandra J. Golby, MD, Director, Image-guided Neurosurgery at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, discusses technological advancements to improve the precision of surgery to remove brain tumors.
It’s estimated that each year nearly 80,000 people are diagnosed with primary brain tumors and 100,000 with metastatic brain tumors. Nearly everybody is at risk for developing a brain tumor. Brain tumors can affect people from childhood to the last years of their lives. Men are slightly more affected than women and the causes of most brain tumors are not known.
There are a number of unique challenges in treating brain tumors. One challenge is that primary tumors can have indistinct margins that are difficult to see. Another challenge is that the tissue around a brain tumor is uniquely important and may impact things like language, visual and motor function.
The AMIGO Suite, opened in 2011 at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, is the Advanced Multimodality Image Guided Operating Suite. It's an NIH-funded national center which was developed with the goal of translating technological advances into improvements in surgical and interventional care for patients. In the AMIGO Suite, there is an intraoperative MRI scanner which can be brought in and out of the operating room during surgery to help surgeons visualize a patient’s tumor better.
Image-guided surgery uses the information obtained from advanced imaging and translates that into the planning and execution of surgery by acquiring high resolution and specialty structural images of the brain and also functional images of the brain. These images can be registered to one another and then to the patient's head during surgery. This allows surgeons to pinpoint the location of the tumor as well as the areas that we would like to preserve, areas that serve critical brain functions are located.
One of the big challenges, even with image-guided surgery, is that as we perform the surgery, the configuration of the brain is changing, and we call that brain shift. And it's due to changes in the brain itself and also as we remove tissue, things are constantly shifting and moving. When we're talking about doing brain tumor surgery, a few millimeters of movement can be a big difference. How to measure and track brain shift is an important area of research and a number of technologies are being studied to understand how to measure brain shift during surgery.
The development of various intraoperative imaging technologies allows surgeons to provide the most accurate surgical treatment for each individual patient.
Learn more about precision brain surgery at Brigham and Women’s Hospital:
https://www.brighamandwomens.o....rg/neurosurgery/brai
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction
1:04 Why do doctors perform laparoscopy?
2:11 How is laparoscopy performed?
3:22 Result
3:47 Risk of laparoscopy
Laparoscopy (from Ancient Greek λαπάρα (lapára) 'flank, side', and σκοπέω (skopéō) 'to see') is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis using small incisions (usually 0.5–1.5 cm) with the aid of a camera. The laparoscope aids diagnosis or therapeutic interventions with a few small cuts in the abdomen.[1]
Laparoscopic surgery, also called minimally invasive procedure, bandaid surgery, or keyhole surgery, is a modern surgical technique. There are a number of advantages to the patient with laparoscopic surgery versus an exploratory laparotomy. These include reduced pain due to smaller incisions, reduced hemorrhaging, and shorter recovery time. The key element is the use of a laparoscope, a long fiber optic cable system that allows viewing of the affected area by snaking the cable from a more distant, but more easily accessible location.
Laparoscopic surgery includes operations within the abdominal or pelvic cavities, whereas keyhole surgery performed on the thoracic or chest cavity is called thoracoscopic surgery. Specific surgical instruments used in laparoscopic surgery include obstetrical forceps, scissors, probes, dissectors, hooks, and retractors. Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery belong to the broader field of endoscopy. The first laparoscopic procedure was performed by German surgeon Georg Kelling in 1901. There are two types of laparoscope:[2]
A telescopic rod lens system, usually connected to a video camera (single-chip or three-chip)
A digital laparoscope where a miniature digital video camera is placed at the end of the laparoscope, eliminating the rod lens system
The mechanism mentioned in the second type is mainly used to improve the image quality of flexible endoscopes, replacing conventional fiberscopes. Nevertheless, laparoscopes are rigid endoscopes. Rigidity is required in clinical practice. The rod-lens-based laparoscopes dominate overwhelmingly in practice, due to their fine optical resolution (50 µm typically, dependent on the aperture size used in the objective lens), and the image quality can be better than that of the digital camera if necessary. The second type of laparoscope is very rare in the laparoscope market and in hospitals.[citation needed]
Also attached is a fiber optic cable system connected to a "cold" light source (halogen or xenon) to illuminate the operative field, which is inserted through a 5 mm or 10 mm cannula or trocar. The abdomen is usually insufflated with carbon dioxide gas. This elevates the abdominal wall above the internal organs to create a working and viewing space. CO2 is used because it is common to the human body and can be absorbed by tissue and removed by the respiratory system. It is also non-flammable, which is important because electrosurgical devices are commonly used in laparoscopic procedures.[3]
Procedures
Surgeons perform laparoscopic stomach surgery.
Patient position
During the laparoscopic procedure, the position of the patient is either in Trendelenburg position or in reverse Trendelenburg. These positions have an effect on cardiopulmonary function. In Trendelenburg's position, there is an increased preload due to an increase in the venous return from lower extremities. This position results in cephalic shifting of the viscera, which accentuates the pressure on the diaphragm. In the case of reverse Trendelenburg position, pulmonary function tends to improve as there is a caudal shifting of viscera, which improves tidal volume by a decrease in the pressure on the diaphragm. This position also decreases the preload on the heart and causes a decrease in the venous return leading to hypotension. The pooling of blood in the lower extremities increases the stasis and predisposes the patient to develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT).[4]
Gallbladder
Rather than a minimum 20 cm incision as in traditional (open) cholecystectomy, four incisions of 0.5–1.0 cm, or more recently, a single incision of 1.5–2.0 cm,[5] will be sufficient to perform a laparoscopic removal of a gallbladder. Since the gallbladder is similar to a small balloon that stores and releases bile, it can usually be removed from the abdomen by suctioning out the bile and then removing the deflated gallbladder through the 1 cm incision at the patient's navel. The length of postoperative stay in the hospital is minimal, and same-day discharges are possible in cases of early morning procedures.[citation needed]
Colon and kidney
http://www.amerra.com In this patient education video from Colorectal Surgical Associates in Houston, Texas, learn more about the single incision laparoscopic colectomy procedure. This minimally invasive procedure uses a mini incision that
results in less pain, fewer complications, earlier recovery, and a smaller scar. Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. For more information please visit our website: www.csamd.com or call (713)-790-0600.
Pediatric surgeons at Texas Children’s Hospital West Campus perform general surgical procedures such as circumcisions, removal of foreign objects, hernia repair, and suturing of minor lacerations. While more complex surgeries take place at the Texas Children’s Main Campus, pre-operative and follow-up outpatient care for those procedures is available at the West Campus.
Everything about Texas Children’s Hospital West Campus is dedicated to the health and wellness of children. As greater Houston's first suburban hospital designed exclusively for children, we offer the expert care you've come to trust from Texas Children's Hospital coupled with a location that's convenient and accessible for area families. Our facility is located just off the westbound feeder road of the Katy Freeway (at I-10 and Barker Cypress).
For more information about Texas Children's Hospital West Campus, visit http://www.texaschildrens.org/....Locate/In-the-Commun
Meet Dr. Allen Milewicz, chief of community surgery at Texas Children's West Campus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMoCdipuKfA&index=16&list=PLiN68C9rloPBD-E9ChWhVy73h7V3SEMlm
Pelvic examinations during labor are used for several purposes, among them assessment of cervical dilatation, effacement, station of the presenting part, presentation, position, and pelvic capacity.Instruction in these techniques is particularly important for those health care providers involved in labor management, including physicians, nurses, midwives, paramedics and EMT personnel.
There are lots of fallacies about the missionary position being the best position for getting pregnant. With the woman on her back and her partner on top, it is thought that gravity will assist the sperm to swim upwards towards the egg.
In order to be able to look at tissues under a microscope, we need to first stain them with the right technique. Learn the main staining techniques used in histology today on our full video: https://khub.me/aux9w
Oh, are you struggling with learning anatomy? We created the ★ Ultimate Anatomy Study Guide ★ to help you kick some gluteus maximus in any topic. Completely free. Download yours today: https://khub.me/e0th1
As you probably know, histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues. So we use staining methods to visualize and distinguish the different parts of cells and tissues since cells and their structures are usually transparent or colorless. The types of dyes used to color cells and their components can either be specific to particular structures, chemical groups or even molecules, and it can also be non-specific in which case most of the cell is stained in the same way.
When staining tissue samples, dyes that are used are either acidic or basic or a combination of the two. And why is that, you might be asking. Well, cellular structures such as nucleic acids or proteins have charged groups which are known as phosphate groups or carboxyl groups, just to name a couple. The dyes used in histology are colored organic compounds which also have a charge. Acidic dyes carry a negative charge and so they bind to positively-charged cell structures.
In the full version of this tutorial, we will cover some of the most common types of dyes used in histological staining of cells and their structures:
- basic dyes vs acidic dyes vs neutral dyes;
- hematoxylin and eosin;
- PAS - staining;
- Golgi method;
- Toluidine blue;
- Masson's trichrome;
- Osmium tetroxide;
To master this topic, click on the link and carry on watching the full video (available to Premium members): https://khub.me/aux9w !
Want to test your knowledge on the different types of cells and tissues? Take this quiz: https://khub.me/3g19f
Read more on how to interpret different histological sections on this complete article which goes through the different stains used in histology https://khub.me/saimh
For more engaging video tutorials, interactive quizzes, articles and an atlas of Human anatomy and histology, go to https://khub.me/pkvz2