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IgA deficiency
IgA deficiency samer kareem 3,147 Views • 2 years ago

Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency (SIgAD) is a primary immunodeficiency disease and is the most common of the primary antibody deficiencies.[1] Total immunoglobulin A deficiency (IgAD) is defined as an undetectable serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) level at a value < 5 mg/dL (0.05 g/L) in humans. Partial IgAD refers to detectable but decreased IgA levels that are more than 2 standard deviations below normal age-adjusted means.[2, 3] IgAD is commonly associated with normal B lymphocytes in peripheral blood, normal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and, usually, normal neutrophil and lymphocyte counts. Anti-IgA autoantibodies of the IgG and/or IgE isotype may be present. Peripheral blood may also be affected by autoimmune cytopenias, eg, autoimmune thrombocytopenia,[4, 5] and patients may have other autoimmune phenomena. IgA was first identified by Graber and Williams in 1952; ten years later, the first patients with IgAD were described. IgAD is a heterogeneous disorder, and the results of intensive study are beginning to elucidate genetic loci and molecular pathogenesis that contribute to various subtypes of this disorder. Several lines of evidence suggest that, in many cases, IgAD and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have a common pathogenesis, which is discussed further in Pathophysiology. Other data indicate different genetic risk factors. Family studies show variable inheritance patterns. Familial inheritance of IgAD occurs in approximately 20% of cases,[6] and, within families, IgAD and CVID are associated.[7, 8] Many IgAD patients are asymptomatic (ie, "normal" blood donors) and are identified by finding a laboratory abnormality, without any apparent associated clinical disease. Some patients with IgAD may have the following associated conditions: (1) deficits in one or more immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses (this accounts for 20-30% of IgA-deficient patients, many of whom may have total IgG levels within the normal range) or (2) a deficient antibody response to pneumococcal immunization (specific polysaccharide antibody deficiency [SPAD]). Some patients with IgAD later develop CVID, and family members of patients with CVID may have only selective IgAD. Characterization of the receptor for the transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), encoded by the gene TNFRSF13B ( tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B), suggests that people with the C104, A181E, and ins204A variants may be at risk for IgAD that progresses to CVID.[9] Primary IgAD is permanent, and below-normal levels have been noted to remain static and persist after 20 years of observation.[10] A recent report documents a rare case of reversion.[11] Environmental factors such as drugs or infections can cause IgAD, but this form is reversible in more than half the cases (see Causes). Although individuals with IgAD have largely been considered healthy, recent studies indicate a higher rate of symptoms. A 20-year follow-up study that compared 204 healthy blood donors with incidentally identified IgAD to 237 healthy subjects with normal IgA levels demonstrated that 80% of IgAD donors and 50% of control subjects had episodes of infections, drug allergy, or autoimmune or atopic disease. Severe respiratory tract infections occurred in 26% of IgAD subjects, in 24% of subjects with decreased IgA levels, and in 8% of control subjects; however, the incidence of life-threatening infections was not increased. IgAD is more common in adult patients with chronic lung disease than in healthy age-matched control subjects.[12] Patients with IgAD are at some increased risk of developing severe reactions after receiving blood products.[13, 14, 15] IgG anti-IgA antibodies may cause severe transfusion reactions if patients with IgAD are given whole blood; therefore, IgA-poor blood or washed red cells are preferred for those patients. IgA-deficient patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)–class anti-IgA antibodies are at risk for anaphylaxis if they receive blood or intravenous immunoglobulin, but this situation is extremely rare. Individuals with such an unusual profile should receive only low IgA intravenous immunoglobulin preparations. However, caution must be used when administering IGIV to patients with IgAD if their anti-IgA status is unknown. A history devoid of previous blood product administration does not exclude the possibility of anti-IgA antibodies or adverse reactions. Fortunately, appropriate precautions can significantly reduce morbidity (see Treatment). Blood banks can use a simple ELISA screening approach to establish an IgAD blood donor poo

Get rid of blackheads
Get rid of blackheads samer kareem 2,476 Views • 2 years ago

Get rid of blackheads

Suprapubic Catheter Placement
Suprapubic Catheter Placement samer kareem 5,865 Views • 2 years ago

When placement of a urethral catheter is contraindicated or unsuccessful, percutaneous suprapubic urinary bladder catheterization is a commonly performed procedure to relieve urinary retention. [1, 2] This topic describes the Catheter over needle technique. The Seldinger technique is described in the Clinical Procedures topic Suprapubic Aspiration.

Pediatric Bone Marrow Aspiration
Pediatric Bone Marrow Aspiration DrHouse 24,356 Views • 2 years ago

Bone marrow examination refers to the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained by bone marrow biopsy (often called a trephine biopsy) and bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, anemia, and pancytopenia. The bone marrow produces the cellular elements of the blood, including platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells. While much information can be gleaned by testing the blood itself (drawn from a vein by phlebotomy), it is sometimes necessary to examine the source of the blood cells in the bone marrow to obtain more information on hematopoiesis; this is the role of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.

Serotonin Syndrome
Serotonin Syndrome samer kareem 3,399 Views • 2 years ago

Symptoms of serotonin syndrome include a classic triad of mental status changes (eg, anxiety, delirium, confusion, restlessness), autonomic dysregulation (eg, diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, diarrhea, mydriasis), and neuromuscular hyperactivity (eg, hyperreflexia, tremor, rigidity, myoclonus, ocular clonus). Serotonin syndrome is clinically diagnosed and laboratory tests are used to rule out other etiologies. It usually occurs due to inadvertent interactions between drugs, therapeutic use of multiple serotonergic agents, or serotonergic medication overdose. Treatment involves discontinuation of serotonergic drugs, supportive measures, and sedation with benzodiazepines. In severe cases, a serotonin antagonist (cyproheptadine) may be used.

Palpation for Abdominal Masses
Palpation for Abdominal Masses M_Nabil 43,481 Views • 2 years ago

Palpation for Abdominal Masses

Large Nasal Polyps Removal Surgery
Large Nasal Polyps Removal Surgery samer kareem 2,150 Views • 2 years ago

Causes are chronic inflammation due to infection, allergies, drug sensitivity, or immune disorders. Symptoms may include a runny nose, stuffiness, or post-nasal drip. In some cases, there may be no symptoms. The condition can be treated with corticosteroids, other medications, or surgery.

Time Management and Work Organization
Time Management and Work Organization Scott 6,560 Views • 2 years ago

Time Management and Work Organization

How to set up a Dialysis Machine  part I (Hemodialysis Training)
How to set up a Dialysis Machine part I (Hemodialysis Training) Scott 121 Views • 2 years ago

*How to setup a dialysis Machine*

This is part one of two parts of *How to setup a dialysis Machine* Setting up the Fresenius 2008K hemodialysis machine.


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Additional Resources:
Technical training | Fresenius Medical Care
https://fmcna.com/faq/technical-training/
The Technical Training team Fresenius Renal Technologies, a division of ... closed room environment, as well as hands-on instruction using current machines. ... 2008® Series Troubleshooting Hemodialysis Systems – Workshop, Level II, 2.4 ...

[PDF]2008K Level I Training Manual - Fresenius Medical Care
https://fmcna.com/wp-content/u....ploads/documents/490
I 2008K TRAINING COURSE AGENDA. II HEMODIALYSIS REVIEW. III HYDRAULIC DESCRIPTION. IV MACHINE OPERATION. V INSTALLATION CHECKLIST ...

Training & education - Fresenius Medical Care
https://www.freseniusmedicalca....re.com/en/healthcare
Fresenius Medical Care — training and education for health care professionals. For patient support, home treatment, regulatory requirements, supporting guides ...

At-Home Hemodialysis Training | Fresenius Kidney Care
https://www.freseniuskidneycare.com › Treatments › At-Home Hemodialysis
Depending on the type of dialysis machine you will use, the training program lasts for about 4 to 8 weeks. You will continue to get your dialysis treatments while ...

Training with Fresenius 2008K - HD For Patients - Home Dialysis ...
forums.homedialysis.org › ... › HD For Patients
Nov 16, 2006 - 6 posts - ‎5 authors
Stacy and I have been in training with the Fresenius Baby K for the past 4 weeks. ... my doctor about doing home hemodialysis, so a much deserv… ... on giving you a quiet RO and makes the machine as quiet as possible.
The Dialysis Machine — Dialysis Technician's Training
https://dialysistechnicianstra....ining.com/the-dialys
The dialysis machine acts as an artificial replacement for the kidneys, ... Inc. Gambro; Fresenius Medical Care; Wilmed Global – reconditioned machines ...

Training – Renal Dynamics
https://www.renaldynamics.com › Services
Machines: • Fresenius Level I and II training • Introduction to dialysis and machines • Hands on demonstrations • Practical and written exams • Certification upon ...

2008K@home Fresenius Home Hemodialysis Machine
https://fmcna-hd.com/2008kathome.html
Back to 2008K2 Fresenius Dialysis Machine Go to 2008T Fresenius Dialysis ... Same clinical, technical training and same spare parts as 2008k machines

Nissen Fundoplication
Nissen Fundoplication Mohamed Ibrahim 18,284 Views • 2 years ago

Nissen Fundoplication

Clinical Abdominal Exam
Clinical Abdominal Exam Doctor 30,714 Views • 2 years ago

A detailed video showing how to clinically exam the abdomen

Full Obstetric Examination and Normal Delivery
Full Obstetric Examination and Normal Delivery Mohamed 54,361 Views • 2 years ago

Full Obstetric Examination and Normal Delivery medical video

How to Perform Invisible Skin Sutures Technique
How to Perform Invisible Skin Sutures Technique hooda 8,376 Views • 2 years ago

Watch that video to know How to Perform Invisible Skin Sutures Technique

Clavicle Giant Cell Tumor Resection
Clavicle Giant Cell Tumor Resection DrHouse 12,218 Views • 2 years ago

wide resection of giant cell tumor ,then strut grafting using free fibula graft,knowles pinning of the graft.

OPENPediatrics Hemodialysis Simulator IKEC Submission
OPENPediatrics Hemodialysis Simulator IKEC Submission Scott 214 Views • 2 years ago

Hospital BEAN | Funny Clips | Mr Bean Official
Hospital BEAN | Funny Clips | Mr Bean Official hooda 435 Views • 2 years ago

Mr Bean visits the hospital for a very peculiar reason!

Analysis of Rafael Nadal's Knee Injury (Computer Animation) | The New York Times
Analysis of Rafael Nadal's Knee Injury (Computer Animation) | The New York Times Scott 66 Views • 2 years ago

Rafael Nadal missed seven months last year with a knee injury. That knee will face its toughest test when he plays in the French Open, his first Grand Slam event since his return.

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Analysis of Rafael Nadal's Knee Injury (Computer Animation)
http://www.youtube.com/user/TheNewYorkTimes

Cervical Cap for Birth Control
Cervical Cap for Birth Control Scott 27,005 Views • 2 years ago

Cervical Cap for Birth Control

Diverticulosis
Diverticulosis Mohamed Ibrahim 16,216 Views • 2 years ago

Diverticulosis is a common gastrointestinal finding on colonoscopy

What are Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis?
What are Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis? Scott 113 Views • 2 years ago

Dr. Katherine Scovner from the Division of Nephrology at Massachusetts General Hospital discusses kidney dialysis.

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