Nerves are the organs that make up the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They serve as information pipelines that allow the brain and spinal cord to communicate with other tissues and organs. Inside the nerves are the axon processes of sensory and motor neurons (nerve cells).

What factors should I consider when deciding whether to have surgery? The following factors should be considered when deciding whether to have surgery: Your age—If you have surgery at a young age, there is a chance that prolapse will recur and may possibly require additional treatment. If you have surgery at an older age, general health issues and any prior surgery may affect the type of surgery that you have. Your childbearing plans—Ideally, women who plan to have children (or more children) should postpone surgery until their families are complete to avoid the risk of prolapse happening again after corrective surgery. Health conditions—Any surgical procedure carries some risk, such as infection, bleeding, blood clots in the legs, and problems related to anesthesia. Surgery may carry more risks if you have a medical condition, such as diabetes, heart disease, or breathing problems, or if you smoke or are obese. New problems—Surgery also may cause new problems, such as pain during sex, pelvic pain, or urinary incontinence.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (sometimes upper GI, UGI bleed, Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, gastrorrhagia) refers to bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, commonly defined as bleeding arising from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. In fact, the proportion of UGIB cases caused by peptic ulcer disease has declined, a phenomenon that is believed to be due to the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H pylori therapy. Duodenal ulcers are more common than gastric ulcers, but the incidence of bleeding is identical for both.

Testicular torsion occurs when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum. The reduced blood flow causes sudden and often severe pain and swelling. Testicular torsion is most common between ages 12 and 16, but it can occur at any age, even before birth. Testicular torsion usually requires emergency surgery. If treated quickly, the testicle can usually be saved. But when blood flow has been cut off for too long, a testicle might become so badly damaged that it has to be removed.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine system disorder among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have enlarged ovaries that contain small collections of fluid — called follicles — located in each ovary as seen during an ultrasound exam. Infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods, excess hair growth, acne, and obesity can all occur in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. In adolescents, infrequent or absent menstruation may raise suspicion for the condition. The exact cause of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown. Early diagnosis and treatment along with weight loss may reduce the risk of long-term complications, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

The deep veins play a significant role in propelling blood toward the heart. The one-way valves in deep veins prevent blood from flowing backward, and the muscles surrounding the deep veins compress them, helping force the blood toward the heart, just as squeezing a toothpaste tube ejects toothpaste.

When foreign organisms such as bacteria enter the body, the immune system sends white blood cells to fight the infection. This causes swelling (inflammation) at the site of infection and the death of nearby tissue, creating a hole called a cavity, which fills with pus to form an abscess.

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, often the kidneys. Preeclampsia usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in a woman whose blood pressure had been normal. Even a slight rise in blood pressure may be a sign of preeclampsia. Left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to serious — even fatal — complications for both you and your baby. If you have preeclampsia, the only cure is delivery of your baby. If you're diagnosed with preeclampsia too early in your pregnancy to deliver your baby, you and your doctor face a challenging task. Your baby needs more time to mature, but you need to avoid putting yourself or your baby at risk of serious complications.

How are seizures and epilepsy treated? What should I do if someone has a seizure? When seizure medications don't work, what else can be tried? These are just a few of the questions that you'll find answered here. Some treatment goals are common to everyone. Everyone should know what to do when a person is having a seizure. All people with seizures and their families should know that the real goal of treating epilepsy is to stop seizures or control them as best as possible. But you are more than just a seizure and how epilepsy affects you and your family may be different from someone else. Don't forget the most important goal of the Epilepsy Foundation - helping people with seizures and their families lead full and unrestricted lives according to their own wishes. Patient and doctor discussing treatment options"No seizures, no side effects" is the motto for epilepsy treatment. Not every person will reach that goal right now, but research and getting the "right care at the right time" can help more people achieve it each year. You may learn things here that can help you right away or later on. While seizure medicines are the mainstay of epilepsy treatment, there are other approaches to think about too. We hope these sections will help you learn about different treatments and get the help you need. Learn about the basics of Treatment 101 to help you get started. Look at Receiving Quality Care to see what to expect when you have just been diagnosed or after you have already started treatment. Then learn about specific treatments, what to do if seizures don't stop, and how to develop your health care team. You'll also find tools to help you manage your epilepsy or learn about research studies in other sections, so don't stop here!

Laser- Removal of Salivary Stone

Rhinoplasty enhances facial harmony and the proportions of your nose. It can also correct impaired breathing caused by structural defects in the nose. Rhinoplasty surgery can change: Nose size in relation to facial balance Nose width at the bridge or in the size and position of the nostrils Nose profile with visible humps or depressions on the bridge Nasal tip that is enlarged or bulbous, drooping, upturned or hooked Nostrils that are large, wide, or upturned Nasal asymmetry If you desire a more symmetrical nose, keep in mind that everyone’s face is asymmetric to some degree. Results may not be completely symmetric, although the goal is to create facial balance and correct proportion.

A visual prosthesis, often referred to as a bionic eye, is an experimental visual device intended to restore functional vision in those suffering from partial or total blindness. In 1983 Joao Lobo Antunes, a Portuguese doctor, implanted a bionic eye in a person born blind.

poor posture (postural kyphosis) – slouching, leaning back in chairs and carrying heavy bags can stretch supporting muscles and ligaments, which can increase spinal curvature. abnormally shaped vertebrae (Scheuermann's kyphosis) – if the vertebrae don't develop properly, they can end up being out of position.

Pediatric 4-Step Basic Technique

High Resolution Upper Airway Anatomy

A stress ulcer is a single or multiple mucosal defect which can become complicated by upper gastrointestinal bleeding during the physiologic stress of serious illness.

demonstrates how the Epley maneuver is performed to treat POSTERIOR canal BPPV affecting the right ear. Animation showing what is going on within the inner ear is also shown in the 2nd half of the video.

The headache, lethargy, and neck stiffness suggest subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to rupture of a mycotic aneurysm. Mycotic or infected arterial aneurysms can develop due to metastatic infection from IE, with septic embolization and localized vessel wall destruction in the cerebral (or systemic) circulation. Intracerebral mycotic aneurysms can present as an expanding mass with focal neurologic findings or may not be apparent until aneurysm rupture with stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The diagnosis of mycotic cerebral aneurysm can usually be confirmed with computed tomography angiography. Management includes broad-spectrum antibiotics (tailored to blood culture results) and surgical intervention (open or endovascular).

-Rapidly progressive weakness of the lower extremities following an upper respiratory infection, accompanied by sensory loss and urinary retention, is characteristic for transverse myelitis.

There are twelve cranial nerves in total. The olfactory nerve (CN I) and optic nerve (CN II) originate from the cerebrum. Cranial nerves III – XII arise from the brain stem (Figure 1). They can arise from a specific part of the brain stem (midbrain, pons or medulla), or from a junction between two parts: Midbrain – the trochlear nerve (IV) comes from the posterior side of the midbrain. It has the longest intracranial length of all the cranial nerves. Midbrain-pontine junction – oculomotor (III). Pons – trigeminal (V). Pontine-medulla junction – abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear (VI-VIII). Medulla Oblongata – posterior to the olive: glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory (IX-XI). Anterior to the olive: hypoglossal (XII). The cranial nerves are numbered by their loca